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Li Q, Lai C, Yu J, Luo J, Deng J, Li G, Chen W, Li B, Chen G. Degradation of diclofenac sodium by the UV/chlorine process: Reaction mechanism, influencing factors and toxicity evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Gawin-Mikołajewicz A, Nartowski KP, Dyba AJ, Gołkowska AM, Malec K, Karolewicz B. Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions: From Composition to Technological Processes and Quality Control. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3719-3740. [PMID: 34533317 PMCID: PMC8493553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are considered as the most promising solution to improve the delivery of ophthalmic drugs. The design of ophthalmic nanoemulsions requires an extensive understanding of pharmaceutical as well as technological aspects related to the selection of excipients and formulation processes. This Review aims at providing the readers with a comprehensive summary of possible compositions of nanoemulsions, methods for their formulation (both laboratory and industrial), and differences between technological approaches, along with an extensive outline of the research methods enabling the confirmation of in vitro properties, pharmaceutical performance, and biological activity of the obtained product. The composition of the formulation has a major influence on the properties of the final product obtained with low-energy emulsification methods. Increasing interest in high-energy emulsification methods is a consequence of their scalability important from the industrial perspective. Considering the high-energy emulsification methods, both the composition and conditions of the process (e.g., device power level, pressure, temperature, homogenization time, or number of cycles) are important for the properties and stability of nanoemulsions. It is advisible to determine the effect of each parameter on the quality of the product to establish the optimal process parameters' range which, in turn, results in a more reproducible and efficient production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol P. Nartowski
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra J. Dyba
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna M. Gołkowska
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malec
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Karolewicz
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Sharma DS, Wadhwa S, Gulati M, Kadukkattil Ramanunny A, Awasthi A, Singh SK, Khursheed R, Corrie L, Chitranshi N, Gupta VK, Vishwas S. Recent advances in intraocular and novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:553-576. [PMID: 33143473 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1846518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with damage to the retinal blood vessels that lead eventually to vision loss. The existing treatments of DR are invasive, expensive, and cumbersome. To overcome challenges associated with existing therapies, various intraocular sustained release and novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) have been explored.Areas covered: The review discusses recently developed intraocular devices for sustained release of drugs as well as novel noninvasive drug delivery systems that have met a varying degree of success in local delivery of drugs to retinal circulation.Expert opinion: The intraocular devices have got very good success in providing sustained release of drugs in patients. The development of NDDS and their application through the ocular route has certainly provided an edge to treat DR over existing therapies such as anti-VEGF administration but their success rate is quite low. Moreover, most of them have proved to be effective only in animal models. In addition, the extent of targeting the drug to the retina still remains variable and unpredictable. The toxicity aspect of the NDDS has generally been neglected. In order to have successful commercialization of nanotechnology-based innovations well-designed clinical research studies need to be conducted to evaluate their clinical superiority over that of the existing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Shikha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | | | - Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Singh M, Bharadwaj S, Lee KE, Kang SG. Therapeutic nanoemulsions in ophthalmic drug administration: Concept in formulations and characterization techniques for ocular drug delivery. J Control Release 2020; 328:895-916. [PMID: 33069743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The eye is the specialized part of the body and is comprised of numerous physiological ocular barriers that limit the drug absorption at the action site. Regardless of various efforts, efficient topical ophthalmic drug delivery remains unsolved, and thus, it is extremely necessary to advance the contemporary treatments of ocular disorders affecting the anterior and posterior cavities. Nowadays, the advent of nanotechnology-based multicomponent nanoemulsions for ophthalmic drug delivery has gained popularity due to the enhancement of ocular penetrability, improve bioavailability, increase solubility, and stability of lipophilic drugs. Nanoemulsions offer the sustained/controlled drug release and increase residence time which depend on viscosity, compositions, and stabilization process, etc.; hence, decrease the instillation frequency and improve patient compliance. Further, due to the nanosized of nanoemulsions, the sterilization process is easy as conventional solutions and cause no blur vision. The review aims to summarizes the various ocular barriers, manufacturing techniques, possible mechanisms to the retention and deep penetration into the eye, and appropriate excipients with their under-lying selection principles to prevent destabilization of nanoemulsions. This review also discusses the characterization parameters of ocular drug delivery to spike the interest of those contemplating a foray in this field. Here, in short, nanoemulsions are abridged with concepts to design clinically advantageous ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Singh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea; Stemforce, 313 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Alambiaga-Caravaca AM, Calatayud-Pascual MA, Rodilla V, Concheiro A, López-Castellano A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Micelles of Progesterone for Topical Eye Administration: Interspecies and Intertissues Differences in Ex Vivo Ocular Permeability. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080702. [PMID: 32722548 PMCID: PMC7464168 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (PG) may provide protection to the retina during retinitis pigmentosa, but its topical ocular supply is hampered by PG poor aqueous solubility and low ocular bioavailability. The development of efficient topical ocular forms must face up to two relevant challenges: Protective barriers of the eyes and lack of validated ex vivo tests to predict drug permeability. The aims of this study were: (i) To design micelles using Pluronic F68 and Soluplus copolymers to overcome PG solubility and permeability; and (ii) to compare drug diffusion through the cornea and sclera of three animal species (rabbit, porcine, and bovine) to investigate interspecies differences. Micelles of Pluronic F68 (3–4 nm) and Soluplus (52–59 nm) increased PG solubility by one and two orders of magnitude, respectively and exhibited nearly a 100% encapsulation efficiency. Soluplus systems showed in situ gelling capability in contrast to the low viscosity Pluronic F68 micelles. The formulations successfully passed the hen’s egg-chorioallantoic membrane test (HET-CAM) test. PG penetration through rabbit cornea and sclera was faster than through porcine or bovine cornea, although the differences were also formulation-dependent. Porcine tissues showed intermediate permeability between rabbit and bovine. Soluplus micelles allowed greater PG accumulation in cornea and sclera whereas Pluronic F68 promoted a faster penetration of lower PG doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián M. Alambiaga-Caravaca
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.A.-C.); (M.A.C.-P.); (V.R.)
| | - María Aracely Calatayud-Pascual
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.A.-C.); (M.A.C.-P.); (V.R.)
| | - Vicent Rodilla
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.A.-C.); (M.A.C.-P.); (V.R.)
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group, Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Alicia López-Castellano
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.A.-C.); (M.A.C.-P.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.-C.); (C.A.-L.); Tel.: +34-961-369-000 (ext. 64906) (A.L.-C.); +34-881-815-239 (C.A.-L.)
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group, Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.L.-C.); (C.A.-L.); Tel.: +34-961-369-000 (ext. 64906) (A.L.-C.); +34-881-815-239 (C.A.-L.)
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Tak D, Rimpy, Kumar T, Ahuja M. Optimization of the Interaction between Diclofenac and Ibuprofen with Benzalkonium Chloride to Prepare Ocular Nanosuspension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 13:301-309. [PMID: 31849291 DOI: 10.2174/1872211314666191218105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are most commonly used in the management of ocular inflammations. These drugs have poorly aqueous solubility and weakly acidic nature. They interact with cationic quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride, used as a preservative in ophthalmic formulations, to form insoluble complexes. To overcome this incompatibility solubilizers like polysorbate 80, lysine salts, tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate etc. are used which are quite irritating and affect the corneal integrity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to formulate nonirritating, compatible, microbiologically stable ophthalmic formulation with good corneal permeation characteristics. The interaction between diclofenac sodium or ibuprofen with benzalkonium chloride was optimized using a central composite experimental design to prepare nanosuspensions by nanoprecipitation. METHODS The optimized batches of nanosuspensions were evaluated for ex vivo corneal permeation study, preservative challenge test and physical stability. The optimal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride for diclofenac sodium (0.1%, w/v) and ibuprofen (0.1% w/v) nanosuspensions were determined to be 0.002%(w/v), which had a respective average particle size of 440 nm and 331 nm, respectively. The nanosuspensions of diclofenac sodium and ibuprofen provided 1.6 and 2.1- fold higher ex vivo corneal permeation than their respective conventional aqueous solution dosage forms. Further, the concentration of benzalkonium chloride used in the formulations showed adequate preservative efficacy. RESULTS The optimized nanosuspension formulations of diclofenac and ibuprofen were found to be physically stable and microbiologically safe with greater corneal penetration than the conventional solution dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Tak
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Rimpy
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Munish Ahuja
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India
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Design and evaluation of topical solid dispersion composite of voriconazole for the treatment of ocular keratitis. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:481-492. [PMID: 31462154 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of present investigation was to increases solubility of voriconazole by using solid dispersion techniques and the development of solid dispersion-based voriconazole ophthalmic solutions. Materials & methods: The saturation solubility of solid dispersion containing polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVPK-90) was found to increase the solubility of voriconazole compare other carrier like polyethylene glycol and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 30 (PVPK-30). Solid dispersion of voriconazole was characterized by saturation solubility, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry study. Results & conclusion: The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry studies of voriconazole-based solid dispersion confirmed the complete changes in original polymorphic form of voriconazole. The antifungal assay showed that the maximum zone of inhibition was produced from optimized ophthalmic formulation containing sodium alginate as compared with other formulations and marketed eye drops.
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Mahboobian MM, Seyfoddin A, Aboofazeli R, Foroutan SM, Rupenthal ID. Brinzolamide–loaded nanoemulsions: ex vivo transcorneal permeation, cell viability and ocular irritation tests. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:600-606. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1547748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Seyfoddin
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Reza Aboofazeli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Foroutan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ilva Dana Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Impact of Vehicle Physicochemical Properties on Modeling-Based Predictions of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion Bioavailability and Tear Film Breakup Time. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:620-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hoffman RS, Braga-Mele R, Donaldson K, Emerick G, Henderson B, Kahook M, Mamalis N, Miller KM, Realini T, Shorstein NH, Stiverson RK, Wirostko B. Cataract surgery and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 42:1368-1379. [PMID: 27697257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become an important adjunctive tool for surgeons performing routine and complicated cataract surgery. These medications have been found to reduce pain, prevent intraoperative miosis, modulate postoperative inflammation, and reduce the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Whether used alone, synergistically with steroids, or for specific high-risk eyes prone to the development of CME, the effectiveness of these medications is compelling. This review describes the potential preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative uses of NSAIDs, including the potency, indications and treatment paradigms and adverse effects and contraindications. A thorough understanding of these issues will help surgeons maximize the therapeutic benefits of these agents and improve surgical outcomes. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Proprietary or commercial disclosures are listed after the references.
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Bertens CJ, Gijs M, van den Biggelaar FJ, Nuijts RM. Topical drug delivery devices: A review. Exp Eye Res 2018; 168:149-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sebastián-Morelló M, Calatayud-Pascual MA, Rodilla V, Balaguer-Fernández C, López-Castellano A. Ex vivo rabbit cornea diffusion studies with a soluble insert of moxifloxacin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 8:132-139. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Topical ophthalmic lipid nanoparticle formulations (SLN, NLC) of indomethacin for delivery to the posterior segment ocular tissues. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 109:224-235. [PMID: 27793755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to formulate indomethacin (IN)-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and to investigate their potential use in topical ocular delivery. METHODS IN SLNs (0.1% w/v) and NLCs (0.8% w/v) were prepared, characterized and evaluated. Their in vitro release and flux profiles across the cornea and sclera-choroid-RPE (trans-SCR) tissues and in vivo ocular tissue distribution were assessed. Furthermore, chitosan chloride (CS) (mol. wt.<200kDa), a cationic and water-soluble penetration enhancer, was used to modify the surface of the SLNs, and its effect was investigated through in vitro transmembrane penetration and in vivo distribution tissue studies. RESULTS For the IN-SLNs, IN-CS-SLNs and IN-NLCs, the particle size was 226±5, 265±8, and 227±11nm, respectively; the zeta potential was -22±0.8, 27±1.2, and -12.2±2.3mV, respectively; the polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.17, 0.30, and 0.23, respectively; and the entrapment efficiency (EE) was 81±0.9, 91.5±3.2 and 99.8±0.2%, respectively. The surface modification of the SLNs with CS increased the ocular penetration of IN. The NLCs maintained significantly higher IN concentrations in all ocular tissues tested compared to the other formulations evaluated in vivo. CONCLUSION The results suggest that lipid-based particulate systems can serve as viable vehicles for ocular delivery. The NLC formulations demonstrated increased drug loading capability, entrapment and delivery to anterior and posterior segment ocular tissues.
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Sah AK, Suresh PK, Verma VK. PLGA nanoparticles for ocular delivery of loteprednol etabonate: a corneal penetration study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1-9. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1203794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K. Sah
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Technology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Preeti K. Suresh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Technology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vinod K. Verma
- State Drug Testing Laboratory, Food and Drugs Administration, Govt. of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Pescina S, Carra F, Padula C, Santi P, Nicoli S. Effect of pH and penetration enhancers on cysteamine stability and trans-corneal transport. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:171-9. [PMID: 27395395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular cystinosis is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of insoluble cystine crystals inside the corneal stroma, with consequent photophobia, keratopathies and frequent corneal erosions. The current therapy consists in the lifetime ophthalmic administration of cysteamine, drug characterized by extremely high hydrophilicity, low molecular weight (77g/mol), and easy oxidization to disulfide. Ocular delivery of cysteamine is very challenging, for its poor permeability and stability in solution. The purpose of the present paper was to study the impact of formulation pH and composition on (1) the trans-corneal delivery and (2) the stability in solution of cysteamine, with particular focus on the use of alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD), benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and disodium edetate (EDTA). Permeation experiments were performed ex vivo through freshly excised porcine cornea; stability was evaluated for six months at -20°, +4° and +25°C; irritation potential was evaluated using HET-CAM assay. The results showed that cysteamine trans-corneal diffusion is strictly dependent on both pH (7.4 preferred to 4.2) and buffering capacity, that negatively impact on the permeation; EDTA did not enhance the trans-corneal diffusion of cysteamine neither at pH 7.4 nor at pH 4.2, while benzalkonium chloride (BAC), antimicrobial agent present within commercial eye-drops, significantly enhanced it. Notably, α-CD was able to promote the trans-corneal diffusion of cysteamine and, at a 5.5%, a 4-fold higher penetration compared to the BAC-containing formulation was obtained. EDTA and acidic pH demonstrated to be essential for cysteamine stability. The formulation obtained by combining α-CD and EDTA was characterized by significant permeation, good stability profile, and no irritation potential, even if the tolerability should be further confirmed by in vivo test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Nicoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy.
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Effect of in vitro transcorneal approach of aceclofenac eye drops through excised goat, sheep, and buffalo corneas. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:432376. [PMID: 25654129 PMCID: PMC4310252 DOI: 10.1155/2015/432376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study involves the evaluation of factors that influence the transcorneal permeation of aqueous drops of aceclofenac ophthalmic formulation through freshly excised goat, sheep, and buffalo corneas. Aceclofenac formulation with different concentrations 0.1-0.5% (w/v) and with different pH and different preservatives, was taken into account. The amount of drug permeated from different formulations was estimated using an Franz diffusion cell. A linear increase in drug permeation was observed with increase in pH (5.5 to 7.4). The apparent permeability coefficient was found to be maximum 15.01 ± 0.45 on goat cornea and maximum transport of aceclofenac was observed at physiological pH of tears (i.e., 7). The results advocate that aceclofenac 0.5% (w/v) ophthalmic solution (pH 7.0) containing BAK (0.01%) provides maximum in vitro ocular permeability through goat, sheep, and buffalo corneas.
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Pescina S, Govoni P, Potenza A, Padula C, Santi P, Nicoli S. Development of a Convenient ex vivo Model for the Study of the Transcorneal Permeation of Drugs: Histological and Permeability Evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:63-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kumar A, Ahuja M. Aqueous carboxymethyl gum kondagogu as vehicle for ocular delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-014-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Williams GS, Radwan M, Kadare S, Williams CPR. The short to medium-term risks of intracameral phenylephrine. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2013; 19:357-60. [PMID: 23248535 PMCID: PMC3519120 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare outcomes and complications of patients undergoing phacoemulsification with and without the administration of intracameral phenylephrine. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, a chart review was performed. Two groups with an equal number of patients who did or did not receive intracameral phenylephrine during phacoemulsification were compared for differences in outcomes, risk factors and complications. The Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. P<0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS The two groups were well matched with regard to preoperative ophthalmic and systemic risk factors for complications and had very similar phacoemulsification power and time profiles. No differences in outcome were detected (P>0.05, all comparisons). CONCLUSION This retrospective study suggests that intracameral phenylephrine normalizes the intraoperative risk of small pupil cataract surgery and is not associated with an increased risk of systemic or postoperative ophthalmic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyn S Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, Wales, UK
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Development of O/W nanoemulsions for ophthalmic administration of timolol. Int J Pharm 2012; 440:126-34. [PMID: 23078859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After an initial screening of ingredients and production methods, nanoemulsions for ocular administration of timolol containing the drug as maleate (TM) or as ion-pair with AOT (TM/AOT) were prepared. The physico-chemical characterization of nanoemulsions, regarding mean diameter, pH, zeta potential, osmolarity, viscosity and surface tension, underlined their feasibility to be instilled into the eyes. Single components and emulsions were tested ex vivo on rabbit corneas to evaluate corneal irritation, that was measured according to opacity test. A marked decrease in corneal opacity was observed using the drug formulated in nanoemulsions rather than in aqueous solutions. Drug permeation and accumulation studies were performed on excised rabbit corneas. An increase in drug permeation through and accumulation into the corneas were observed using TM-AOT compared to TM due to an increase of lipophilicity of the drug as ion-pair. The introduction of chitosan (a positive charged mucoadhesive polymer) into emulsions allowed to increase TM permeation probably due to the interaction of chitosan with corneal epithelial cells.
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Ahuja M, Dhake AS, Sharma SK, Majumdar DK. Diclofenac-loaded Eudragit S100 nanosuspension for ophthalmic delivery. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:37-45. [PMID: 21171815 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.523794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, diclofenac-loaded Eudragit S100-based nanosuspension was prepared by nanoprecipitation method and characterised for particle size, morphology, in vitro release, and for its in vivo ocular anti-inflammatory activity. The diclofenac-loaded Eudragit S100 nanosuspension was found to have a particle size of 172 nm, polydispersibility index of 0.14 and zeta potential of -23.7 +/- 6.07 mV, indicating that the nanosuspension is fairly stable. The nanosuspended particles were found to be spherical in shape. The nanosuspension was found to provide a sustained in vitro release, following the Higuchi square-root release kinetics. The results indicated that the nanosuspension released the drug by combination of dissolution and diffusion. The in vivo evaluation of nanosuspension in PGE(2)-induced ocular inflammation in rabbit model revealed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher inhibition of PGE(2)-induced polymorphonuclear leukocytes migration and lid-closure scores as compared with the aqueous solution of diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Ahuja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125 001, India
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Cao F, Wang Y, Ping Q, Liao Z. Zn-Al-NO(3)-layered double hydroxides with intercalated diclofenac for ocular delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 404:250-6. [PMID: 21093561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the potential use of a drug delivery system, drug-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites for ocular delivery. Diclofenac was successfully intercalated into Zn-Al-NO(3)-LDH by coprecipitation method. The nanocomposites were characterized by particle size, elemental chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, etc. A tilt bilayer of diclofenac molecules formed in the interlayer with the gallery height of 1.868 nm. In vivo precorneal retention studies were conducted with diclofenac sodium (DS) saline, diclofenac-LDH nanocomposite dispersion, 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30-diclofenac-LDH nanohybrid dispersion and 10% PVP K30-diclofenac-LDH nanohybrid dispersion, separately. Compared with DS saline, all the dispersions have extended the detectable time of DS from 3h to 6h; C(max) and AUC(0-t) of diclofenac-LDH nanocomposite dispersion showed 3.1-fold and 4.0-fold increase, respectively; C(max) and AUC(0-t) of 2% PVP K30-LDH nanohybrid dispersion were about 5.3-fold and 6.0-fold enhancement, respectively. Results of the Draize test showed that no eye irritation was demonstrated in rabbits after single and repeated administration. These results suggest that this novel ocular drug delivery system appears to offer promise as a means to improving the bioavailability of drugs after ophthalmic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Abstract
Cystoid macular edema in its various forms can be considered one of the leading causes of central vision loss in the developed world. It occurs in a wide variety of pathologic conditions and represents the final common pathway of several basic processes. Therapeutic approaches to cystoid macular edema depend on a clear understanding of its contributing pathophysiologic mechanisms. This review will discuss the mechanism of ocular inflammation in cystoid macular edema with a particular focus on the inflammatory causes: post-operative, uveitic, and after laser procedures. A variety of pharmacologic agents targeting inflammatory molecules have been shown to reduce macular edema and improve visual function. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of most new therapies have yet to be established in controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Ahuja M, Dhake AS, Sharma SK, Majumdar DK. Stability studies on aqueous and oily ophthalmic solutions of diclofenac. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2009; 129:495-502. [PMID: 19337004 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various aqueous and oily diclofenac ophthalmic formulations were subjected to accelerated and long term stability studies. Degradation of diclofenac was found to follow first-order kinetics. Among the aqueous formulations containing preservative, formulation with PMA, PMN, SA, MP/PP and SMS showed diclofenac content above 90% after 6 months of accelerated and 12 months of room temperature storage. Diclofenac 0.1%, w/v aqueous formulation (pH 7.4), with 5-10% overages, containing SMS, MP/PP or PMN look promising taking both stability and corneal permeability in view. However, for use in cataract surgery formulation without preservative appears ideal. Oily ophthalmic formulations except those in olive and mustard oil, had more than 90% drug content after 6 months of accelerated and 12 months of room temperature storage. Diclofenac (0.2%, w/v) ophthalmic solution in sesame oil with 3% overage and containing benzyl alcohol (0.5%, v/v) as preservative, appears ideal, taking both stability and corneal permeability in view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Ahuja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, India
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Cho H, Wolf KJ, Wolf EJ. Management of ocular inflammation and pain following cataract surgery: focus on bromfenac ophthalmic solution. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:199-210. [PMID: 19668566 PMCID: PMC2709021 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s4806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several new ophthalmic NSAID products have been introduced for commercial use in the United States. The purpose of this review is to briefly overview the ophthalmic NSAIDs currently in use and to discuss the management of postoperative ocular inflammation and pain following cataract surgery with a particular focus on bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09%. Bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% is indicated for the reduction of ocular pain and inflammation following cataract surgery. Studies have shown that bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% has equivalent efficacy to the other topical NSAIDs in reducing postsurgical inflammation and controlling pain. The unique chemical structure of bromfenac makes it both a potent inhibitor of the COX-2 enzyme and a highly lipophilic molecule that rapidly penetrates to produce early and sustained drug levels in all ocular tissues. Clinically, these pharmacokinetic features are manifested in a rapid reduction of postsurgical inflammation and pain with bid dosing. Bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% is a versatile agent and is effective when used as either monotherapy or as an adjunct therapy to steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Ahuja M, Dhake AS, Sharma SK, Majumdar DK. Topical ocular delivery of NSAIDs. AAPS J 2008; 10:229-41. [PMID: 18437583 PMCID: PMC2751374 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In ocular tissue, arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase to prostaglandins which are the most important lipid derived mediators of inflammation. Presently nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are being used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. NSAIDs used in ophthalmology, topically, are salicylic-, indole acetic-, aryl acetic-, aryl propionic- and enolic acid derivatives. NSAIDs are weak acids with pKa mostly between 3.5 and 4.5, and are poorly soluble in water. Aqueous ophthalmic solutions of NSAIDs have been made using sodium, potassium, tromethamine and lysine salts or complexing with cyclodextrins/solubilizer. Ocular penetration of NSAID demands an acidic ophthalmic solution where cyclodextrin could prevent precipitation of drug and minimize its ocular irritation potential. The incompatibility of NSAID with benzalkonium chloride is avoided by using polysorbate 80, cyclodextrins or tromethamine. Lysine salts and alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate disrupt corneal integrity, and their use requires caution. Thus a nonirritating ophthalmic solution of NSAID could be formulated by dissolving an appropriate water-soluble salt, in the presence of cyclodextrin or tromethamine (if needed) in mildly acidified purified water (if stability permits) with or without benzalkonium chloride and polyvinyl alcohol. Amide prodrugs met with mixed success due to incomplete intraocular hydrolysis. Suspension and ocular inserts appear irritating to the inflamed eye. Oil drop may be a suitable option for insoluble drugs and ointment may be used for sustained effect. Recent studies showed that the use of colloidal nanoparticle formulations and the potent COX 2 inhibitor bromfenac may enhance NSAID efficacy in eye preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Ahuja
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana, India
| | - Avinash S. Dhake
- />L.B.Rao Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Khambat, Anand, Gujarat, 388 620 India
| | - Surendra K. Sharma
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana, India
| | - Dipak K. Majumdar
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Formerly College of Pharmacy, (University of Delhi), Pushp Vihar, Sector III, New Delhi, 110017 India
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Ahuja M, Sharma SK, Majumdar DK. In vitro corneal permeation of diclofenac from oil drops. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 127:1739-45. [PMID: 17917432 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro transcorneal permeation of diclofenac from oil drops was studied using freshly excised goat cornea. The maximum apparent corneal permeability coefficient (Papp) was obtained with 0.2% (w/v) diclofenac drops in sesame oil followed by safflower oil, while formulation in castor oil provided minimal Papp. The addition of benzyl alcohol, a preservative, in oil drops, increased the Papp value of diclofenac. Partition experiments indicated increased partitioning of diclofenac in the aqueous phase in the presence of benzyl alcohol, and the same could be responsible for the benzyl alcohol-induced increase in Papp. The solubility of diclofenac was higher in castor, arachis, and sunflower oil. But drug permeation from 0.5-1.0% (w/v) diclofenac drops in castor oil or 0.5% (w/v) drops in arachis /sunflower oil was less than that observed with 0.2% (w/v) drops in sesame oil. Thus diclofenac 0.2% (w/v) drops in sesame oil containing 0.5% (v/v) benzyl alcohol provides maximum Papp. The formulation increased corneal hydration indicating corneal damage. Since corneal hydration is less than 83% the damage appears to be reversible. The saturation solubility of diclofenac in sesame oil at 4 degrees C is 0.33% (w/v). Hence diclofenac 0.2% (w/v) solution in sesame oil will not precipitate at 4 degrees C and therefore the chances of crystallization of diclofenac from the formulation due to climatic change leading to physical instability appear to be remote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Ahuja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125 001, India
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