1
|
Belzunce MA, Henckel J, Di Laura A, Horga LM, Hart AJ. Gender similarities and differences in skeletal muscle and body composition: an MRI study of recreational cyclists. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001672. [PMID: 37637483 PMCID: PMC10450064 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to quantitatively evaluate whether there are muscle mass differences between male and female recreational cyclists and compare muscle quality and body composition in the pelvis region between two well-matched groups of fit and healthy male and female adults. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 45 female and 42 male recreational cyclists. The inclusion criteria for both groups were to have cycled more than 7000 km in the last year, have an absence of injuries and other health problems, have no contraindication to MRI, and be 30-65 years old. Our main outcome measures were fat fraction, as a measure of intramuscular fat (IMF) content, and volume of the gluteal muscles measured using Dixon MRI. The gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume was evaluated as a secondary measure. Results We found that there were no gender differences in the IMF content of gluteus maximus (GMAX, p=0.42), gluteus medius (GMED, p=0.69) and gluteus minimus (GMIN, p=0.06) muscles, despite women having more gluteal SAT (p<0.01). Men had larger gluteal muscles than women (p<0.01), but no differences were found when muscle volume was normalised by body weight (GMAX, p=0.54; GMED, p=0.14; GMIN, p=0.19). Conclusions Our study shows that despite the recognised hormonal differences between men and women, there is gender equivalence in the muscle mass and quality of the gluteal muscles when matched for exercise and body weight. This new MRI study provides key information to better understand gender similarities and differences in skeletal muscle and body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Alberto Belzunce
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences (CEMSC3), Centro Universitario de Imágenes Médicas (CEUNIM), Instituto de Ciencias Físicas (ICIFI) UNSAM--CONICET, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Gral. San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Anna Di Laura
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Maria Horga
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alister James Hart
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cleveland Clinic London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bouillod A, Soto-Romero G, Grappe F, Bertucci W, Brunet E, Cassirame J. Caveats and Recommendations to Assess the Validity and Reliability of Cycling Power Meters: A Systematic Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22010386. [PMID: 35009945 PMCID: PMC8749704 DOI: 10.3390/s22010386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A large number of power meters have become commercially available during the last decades to provide power output (PO) measurement. Some of these power meters were evaluated for validity in the literature. This study aimed to perform a review of the available literature on the validity of cycling power meters. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar have been explored with PRISMA methodology. A total of 74 studies have been extracted for the reviewing process. Validity is a general quality of the measurement determined by the assessment of different metrological properties: Accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. Accuracy was most often studied from the metrological property (74 studies). Reproducibility was the second most studied (40 studies) property. Finally, repeatability, sensitivity, and robustness were considerably less studied with only 7, 5, and 5 studies, respectively. The SRM power meter is the most used as a gold standard in the studies. Moreover, the number of participants was very different among them, from 0 (when using a calibration rig) to 56 participants. The PO tested was up to 1700 W, whereas the pedalling cadence ranged between 40 and 180 rpm, including submaximal and maximal exercises. Other exercise conditions were tested, such as torque, position, temperature, and vibrations. This review provides some caveats and recommendations when testing the validity of a cycling power meter, including all of the metrological properties (accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness) and some exercise conditions (PO range, sprint, pedalling cadence, torque, position, participant, temperature, vibration, and field test).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bouillod
- EA4660, C3S Health-Sport Department, Sports University, 25000 Besancon, France; (A.B.); (F.G.)
- French Cycling Federation, 78180 Saint Quentin, France;
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France;
- Professional Cycling Team FDJ, 77230 Moussy-le-Vieux, France
| | | | - Frederic Grappe
- EA4660, C3S Health-Sport Department, Sports University, 25000 Besancon, France; (A.B.); (F.G.)
- Professional Cycling Team FDJ, 77230 Moussy-le-Vieux, France
| | - William Bertucci
- EA7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, 51100 Reims, France;
| | | | - Johan Cassirame
- EA4660, C3S Health-Sport Department, Sports University, 25000 Besancon, France; (A.B.); (F.G.)
- EA7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, 51100 Reims, France;
- Mtraining, R&D Division, 25480 Ecole Valentin, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-8781-8295
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferguson HA, Harnish C, Chase JG. Using Field Based Data to Model Sprint Track Cycling Performance. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 33725208 PMCID: PMC7966696 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cycling performance models are used to study rider and sport characteristics to better understand performance determinants and optimise competition outcomes. Performance requirements cover the demands of competition a cyclist may encounter, whilst rider attributes are physical, technical and psychological characteristics contributing to performance. Several current models of endurance-cycling enhance understanding of performance in road cycling and track endurance, relying on a supply and demand perspective. However, they have yet to be developed for sprint-cycling, with current athlete preparation, instead relying on measures of peak-power, speed and strength to assess performance and guide training. Peak-power models do not adequately explain the demands of actual competition in events over 15-60 s, let alone, in World-Championship sprint cycling events comprising several rounds to medal finals. Whilst there are no descriptive studies of track-sprint cycling events, we present data from physiological interventions using track cycling and repeated sprint exercise research in multiple sports, to elucidate the demands of performance requiring several maximal sprints over a competition. This review will show physiological and power meter data, illustrating the role of all energy pathways in sprint performance. This understanding highlights the need to focus on the capacity required for a given race and over an event, and therefore the recovery needed for each subsequent race, within and between races, and how optimal pacing can be used to enhance performance. We propose a shift in sprint-cyclist preparation away from training just for peak power, to a more comprehensive model of the actual event demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A. Ferguson
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Chris Harnish
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Health, Mary Baldwin University, Staunton, VA USA
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Batliner ME, Kipp S, Grabowski AM, Kram R, Byrnes WC. Does Metabolic Rate Increase Linearly with Running Speed in all Distance Runners? Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E1-E8. [PMID: 30539111 PMCID: PMC6225957 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Running economy (oxygen uptake or metabolic rate for running at a submaximal speed) is one of the key determinants of distance running performance. Previous studies reported linear relationships between oxygen uptake or metabolic rate and speed, and an invariant cost of transport across speed. We quantified oxygen uptake, metabolic rate, and cost of transport in 10 average and 10 sub-elite runners. We increased treadmill speed by 0.45 m · s -1 from 1.78 m · s -1 (day 1) and 2.01 m · s -1 (day 2) during each subsequent 4-min stage until reaching a speed that elicited a rating of perceived exertion of 15. Average runners' oxygen uptake and metabolic rate vs. speed relationships were best described by linear fits. In contrast, the sub-elite runners' relationships were best described by increasing curvilinear fits. For the sub-elites, oxygen cost of transport and energy cost of transport increased by 12.8% and 9.6%, respectively, from 3.58 to 5.14 m · s -1 . Our results indicate that it is not possible to accurately predict metabolic rates at race pace for sub-elite competitive runners from data collected at moderate submaximal running speeds (2.68-3.58 m · s -1 ). To do so, metabolic rate should be measured at speeds that approach competitive race pace and curvilinear fits should be used for extrapolation to race pace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Batliner
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, United States
| | - Shalaya Kipp
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, United States
| | - Alena M. Grabowski
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, United States
- VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, United States
| | - Rodger Kram
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, United States
| | - William C. Byrnes
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Omar VC, Rafael D, Vinicius C, Alexandre B. Complete factorial design experiment for 3D load cell instrumented crank validation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:3655-3658. [PMID: 26737085 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing of instrumentation systems for sport medicine is a promising area, that's why this research evaluates the design of a new instrumented crank arm prototype for a race bicycle projecting an experiment for indoor - outdoor comparison. This study investigated the viability of an instrumentation 3D load cell for force measurement crank, implementing a design of experiment. A Complete factorial design experiment was developed for data validation, with an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) throwing significant results for controlled factors with response variables rms, mean and variance. A software routine allowed to obtained system variables metrics for Symmetry and Cadence analysis, which came out from Effective force bilateral comparing and speed computation. Characterization allowed achieving calibration curves that were used for data conversion in force projection channels with a linearity error of 0.29% (perpendicular), 0.55% (parallel) and 0.10% (lateral). Interactions of factors resulted significant mainly for indoor tests in symmetry and cadence was significant in interactions generally for outdoor tests. Implemented system was able to generate Effective Force graph for 3D plot symmetry analysis, torque and power symmetry for specialist's analysis.
Collapse
|