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Zmudzka M, Zoladz JA, Majerczak J. The impact of aging and physical training on angiogenesis in the musculoskeletal system. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14228. [PMID: 36348663 PMCID: PMC9637352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the physiological process of capillary growth. It is strictly regulated by the balanced activity of agents that promote the formation of capillaries (pro-angiogenic factors) on the one hand and inhibit their growth on the other hand (anti-angiogenic factors). Capillary rarefaction and insufficient angiogenesis are some of the main causes that limit blood flow during aging, whereas physical training is a potent non-pharmacological method to intensify capillary growth in the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this study is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the key signalling molecules implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle and bone angiogenesis during aging and physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zmudzka
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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2
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Catapano M, Ahmed M, Breslow RG, Borg-Stein J. The aging athlete. PM R 2022; 14:643-651. [PMID: 35441493 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging athletes, those 60 years and older, are a growing population of mature, active individuals who value sports and exercise participation throughout their lifespan. Although recommendations for younger and masters athletes have been extrapolated to this population, there remains a paucity of specific guidelines, treatment algorithms, and considerations for aging athletes. The benefits of living an active lifestyle must be weighed against the risks for unique cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal injuries requiring diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In this article, we review the unique cardiovascular and muscular physiology of aging athletes and how it influences the risk of specific medical conditions. We also discuss general prevention and treatment strategies. Finally, we identify areas of future research priorities and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Catapano
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marwa Ahmed
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Joanne Borg-Stein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Suominen TH, Alén M, Törmäkangas T, Degens H, Rittweger J, Heinonen A, Suominen H, Korhonen MT. Regular Strength and Sprint Training Counteracts Bone Aging: A 10-Year Follow-Up in Male Masters Athletes. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10513. [PMID: 34258508 PMCID: PMC8260815 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional and interventional studies suggest that high-intensity strength and impact-type training provide a powerful osteogenic stimulus even in old age. However, longitudinal evidence on the ability of high-intensity training to attenuate age-related bone deterioration is currently lacking. This follow-up study assessed the role of continued strength and sprint training on bone aging in 40- to 85-year-old male sprinters (n = 69) with a long-term training background. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived bone structural, strength, and densitometric parameters of the distal tibia and tibia midshaft were assessed at baseline and 10 years later. The groups of well-trained (actively competing, sprint training including strength training ≥2 times/week; n = 36) and less-trained (<2 times/week, no strength training, switched to endurance training; n = 33) athletes were formed according to self-reports at follow-up. Longitudinal changes in bone traits in the two groups were examined using linear mixed models. Over the 10-year period, group-by-time interactions were found for distal tibia total bone mineral content (BMC), trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and compressive strength index, and for mid-tibia cortical cross-sectional area, medullary area, total BMC, and BMC at the anterior and posterior sites (polar mass distribution analysis) (p < 0.05). These interactions reflected maintained (distal tibia) or improved (mid-tibia) bone properties in the well-trained and decreased bone properties in the less-trained athletes over the 10-year period. Depending on the bone variable, the difference in change in favor of the well-trained group ranged from 2% to 5%. The greatest differences were found in distal tibia trabecular vBMD and mid-tibia posterior BMC, which remained significant (p < 0.05) after adjustment for multiple testing. In conclusion, our longitudinal findings indicate that continued strength and sprint training is associated with maintained or even improved tibial properties in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes, suggesting that regular, intensive exercise counteracts bone aging. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli H Suominen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Markku Alén
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital and Center for Life Course Health Research University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science, and Sports Medicine Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center (DLR) Cologne Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Harri Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Marko T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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Li G, Li B, Li B, Zhao J, Wang X, Luo R, Li Y, Liu J, Hu R. The role of biomechanical forces and MALAT1/miR-329-5p/PRIP signalling on glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5164-5176. [PMID: 33939272 PMCID: PMC8178276 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GIONFH) is a common orthopaedic disease. GIONFH primarily manifests clinically as hip pain in the early stages, followed by the collapse of the femoral head, narrowing of the hip joint space and damage to the acetabulum, resulting in severely impaired mobility. However, the pathogenesis of GIONFH is not clearly understood. Recently, biomechanical forces and non‐coding RNAs have been suggested to play important roles in the pathogenesis of GIONFH. This study aimed to evaluate the role of biomechanical forced and non‐coding RNAs in GIONFH. We utilized an in vivo, rat model of GIONFH and used MRI, μCT, GIONFH‐TST (tail suspension test), GIONFH‐treadmill, haematoxylin and eosin staining, qRT‐PCR and Western blot analysis to analyse the roles of biomechanical forces and non‐coding RNAs in GIONFH. We used RAW264.7 cells and MC3T3E1 cells to verify the role of MALAT1/miR‐329‐5p/PRIP signalling using a dual luciferase reporter assay, qRT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that MALAT1 and PRIP were up‐regulated in the femoral head tissues of GIONFH rats, RAW264.7 cells, and MC3T3E1 cells exposed to dexamethasone (Dex). Knockdown of MALAT1 decreased PRIP expression in rats and cultured cells and rescued glucocorticoid‐induced osteonecrosis of femoral head in rats. The dual luciferase reporter gene assay revealed a targeting relationship for MALAT1/miR‐329‐5p and miR‐329‐5p/PRIP in MC3T3E1 and RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, MALAT1 played a vital role in the pathogenesis of GIONFH by binding to (‘sponging’) miR‐329‐5p to up‐regulate PRIP. Also, biomechanical forces aggravated the pathogenesis of GIONFH through MALAT1/miR‐329‐5p/PRIP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Joint, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Joint, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Department of Joint, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yankun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Joint, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruyin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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5
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Yingling VR, Webb SL, Inouye C, O J, Sherwood JJ. Muscle Power Predicts Bone Strength in Division II Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1657-1665. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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6
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Ireland A, Mittag U, Degens H, Felsenberg D, Ferretti JL, Heinonen A, Koltai E, Korhonen MT, McPhee JS, Mekjavic I, Piasecki J, Pisot R, Radak Z, Simunic B, Suominen H, Wilks DC, Winwood K, Rittweger J. Greater maintenance of bone mineral content in male than female athletes and in sprinting and jumping than endurance athletes: a longitudinal study of bone strength in elite masters athletes. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:87. [PMID: 32524289 PMCID: PMC7286845 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We investigated longitudinal changes in tibia bone strength in master power (jumping and sprinting) and endurance (distance) athletes of both sexes. Bone mass but not cross-sectional moment of inertia was better maintained in power than endurance athletes over time, particularly in men and independent of changes in performance. OBJECTIVE Assessment of effects of sex and athletic discipline (lower limb power events, e.g. sprint running and jumping versus endurance running events) on longitudinal changes in bone strength in masters athletes. METHODS We examined tibia and fibula bone properties at distal (4% distal-proximal tibia length) and proximal (66% length) sites using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in seventy-one track and field masters athletes (30 male, 41 female, age at baseline 57.0 ± 12.2 years) in a longitudinal cohort study that included at least two testing sessions over a mean period of 4.2 ± 3.1 years. Effects of time, as well as time × sex and time × discipline interactions on bone parameters and calf muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), were examined. RESULTS Effects of time were sex and discipline-dependent, even following adjustment for enrolment age, sex and changes in muscle CSA and athletic performance. Male sex and participation in power events was associated with better maintenance of tibia bone mineral content (BMC, an indicator of bone compressive strength) at 4% and 66% sites. In contrast, there was no strong evidence of sex or discipline effects on cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI, an indicator of bone bending and torsional strength-P > 0.3 for interactions). Similar sex and discipline-specific changes were also observed in the fibula. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that male athletes and those participating in lower limb power-based rather than endurance-based disciplines have better maintenance of bone compressive but not bending and torsional strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ireland
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - Uwe Mittag
- grid.7551.60000 0000 8983 7915Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK ,grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XLithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania ,grid.10414.300000 0001 0738 9977University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Osteology and Orphane Bone Diseases and Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Centre of Muscle and Bone Research, Humboldt-University Berlin and Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - José L. Ferretti
- grid.10814.3c0000 0001 2097 3211Center for P-Ca Metabolism Studies (CEMFoC), National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ari Heinonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Erika Koltai
- grid.472475.70000 0000 9243 1481Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie S. McPhee
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Igor Mekjavic
- grid.11375.310000 0001 0706 0012Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC Canada
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK ,grid.12361.370000 0001 0727 0669Sport Health and Performance Enhancement Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Zsolt Radak
- grid.472475.70000 0000 9243 1481Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Harri Suominen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Désirée C. Wilks
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - Keith Winwood
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- grid.7551.60000 0000 8983 7915Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Age-related decrease in performance of male masters athletes in sprint, sprint–endurance, and endurance events. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Yingling VR, Ferrari-Church B, Strickland A. Tibia functionality and Division II female and male collegiate athletes from multiple sports. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5550. [PMID: 30221092 PMCID: PMC6138042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone strength is developed through a combination of the size and shape (architecture) of a bone as well as the bone's material properties; and therefore, no one outcome variable can measure a positive or negative adaptation in bone. Skeletal robusticity (total area/ bone length) a measure of bones external size varies within the population and is independent of body size, but robusticity has been associated with bone strength. Athletes may have similar variability in robusticity values as the general population and thus have a wide range of bone strengths based on the robustness of their bones. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if an athlete's bone strength and cortical area relative to body size was dependent on robusticity. The second aim was to determine if anthropometry or muscle function measurements were associated with bone robusticity. Methods Bone variables contributing to bone strength were measured in collegiate athletes and a reference group using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at the 50% tibial site. Bone functionality was assessed by plotting bone strength and cortical area vs body size (body weight x tibial length) and robustness (total area/length) vs body size. Bone strength was measured using the polar strength-strain index (SSIp). Based on the residuals from the regression, an athlete's individual functionality was determined, and two groups were formed "weaker for size" (WS) and "stronger for size" (SS). Grip strength, leg extensor strength and lower body power were also measured. Results Division II athletes exhibited a natural variation in (SSIp) relative to robusticity consistent with previous studies. Bone strength (SSIp) was dependent on the robusticity of the tibia. The bone traits that comprise bone strength (SSIp) were significantly different between the SS and WS groups, yet there were minimal differences in the anthropometric data and muscle function measures between groups. A lower percentage of athletes from ball sports were "weaker for size" (WS group) and a higher percentage of swimmers were in the WS group. Discussion A range of strength values based on robusticity occurs in athletes similar to general populations. Bones with lower robusticity (slender) were constructed with less bone tissue and had less strength. The athletes with slender bones were from all sports including track and field and ball sports but the majority were swimmers. Conclusions Athletes, even after optimal training for their sport, may have weaker bones based on robusticity. Slender bones may therefore be at a higher risk for fracture under extreme loading events but also yield benefits to some athletes (swimmers) due to their lower bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Yingling
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Ferrari-Church
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States of America
| | - Ariana Strickland
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States of America
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9
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Muscle morphology and performance in master athletes: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 45:62-82. [PMID: 29715523 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extent to which chronic exercise training preserves age-related decrements in physical function, muscle strength, mass and morphology is unclear. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine to what extent chronically trained master athletes (strength/power and endurance) preserve levels of physical function, muscle strength, muscle mass and morphology in older age, compared with older and younger controls and young trained individuals. METHODS The systematic data search included Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science databases. INCLUSION CRITERIA i) master athletes mean exercise training duration ≥20 years ii) master athletes mean age of cohort >59 years) iii) at least one measurement of muscle mass/volume/fibre-type morphology and/or strength/physical function. RESULTS Fifty-five eligible studies were identified. Meta-analyses were carried out on maximal aerobic capacity, maximal voluntary contraction and body composition. Master endurance athletes (42.0 ± 6.6 ml kg-1 min-1) exhibited VO2max values comparable with young healthy controls (43.1 ± 6.8 ml kg-1 min-1, P = .84), greater than older controls (27.1 ± 4.3 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.01) and master strength/power athletes (26.5 ± 2.3 mlkg-1 min-1, P < 0.01), and lower than young endurance trained individuals (60.0 ± 5.4 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.01). Master strength/power athletes (0.60 (0.28-0.93) P < 0.01) and young controls (0.71 (0.06-1.36) P < 0.05) were significantly stronger compared with the other groups. Body fat% was greater in master endurance athletes than young endurance trained (-4.44% (-8.44 to -0.43) P < 0.05) but lower compared with older controls (7.11% (5.70-8.52) P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite advancing age, this review suggests that chronic exercise training preserves physical function, muscular strength and body fat levels similar to that of young, healthy individuals in an exercise mode-specific manner.
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10
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Piasecki J, McPhee JS, Hannam K, Deere KC, Elhakeem A, Piasecki M, Degens H, Tobias JH, Ireland A. Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls. Arch Osteoporos 2018; 13:72. [PMID: 29971503 PMCID: PMC6028830 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-018-0486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined bone density in older athletes and controls. Sprinters had greater hip and spine bone density than endurance athletes and controls, whereas values were similar in the latter two groups. These results could not be explained by differences in impact, muscle size or power between sprint and endurance athletes. PURPOSE We examined the relationship between prolonged participation in regular sprint or endurance running and skeletal health at key clinical sites in older age, and the factors responsible for any associations which we observed. METHODS We recruited 38 master sprint runners (28 males, 10 females, mean age 71 ± 7 years), 149 master endurance runners (111 males, 38 females, mean age 70 ± 6 years) and 59 non-athletic controls (29 males, 30 females, mean age 74 ± 5 years). Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess hip and spine bone mineral density (BMD), body composition (lean and fat mass), whilst jump power was assessed with jumping mechanography. In athletes, vertical impacts were recorded over 7 days from a waist-worn accelerometer, and details of starting age, age-graded performance and training hours were recorded. RESULTS In ANOVA models adjusted for sex, age, height, body composition, and jump power, sprinter hip BMD was 10 and 14% greater than that of endurance runners and controls respectively. Sprinter spine BMD was also greater than that of both endurance runners and controls. There were no differences in hip or spine BMD between endurance runners and controls. Stepwise regression showed only discipline (sprint/endurance), sex, and age as predictors of athlete spine BMD, whilst these variables and starting age were predictive of hip BMD. CONCLUSIONS Regular running is associated with greater BMD at the fracture-prone hip and spine sites in master sprinters but not endurance runners. These benefits cannot be explained by indicators of mechanical loading measured in this study including vertical impacts, body composition or muscular output.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Piasecki
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - J. S. McPhee
- Department for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - K. Hannam
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K. C. Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A. Elhakeem
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M. Piasecki
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - H. Degens
- Department for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK ,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Lithuania
| | - J. H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A. Ireland
- Department for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
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11
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Suominen TH, Korhonen MT, Alén M, Heinonen A, Mero A, Törmäkangas T, Suominen H. Effects of a 20-week high-intensity strength and sprint training program on tibial bone structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2017. [PMID: 28623425 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This randomized, controlled, high-intensity strength and sprint training trial in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes showed significant improvements in mid-tibial structure and strength. The study reveals the adaptability of aging bone, suggesting that through a novel, intensive training stimulus it is possible to strengthen bones during aging. INTRODUCTION High-load, high-speed and impact-type exercise may be an efficient way of improving bone strength even in old age. We evaluated the effects of combined strength and sprint training on indices of bone health in competitive masters athletes, who serve as a group of older people who are likely to be able to participate in vigorous exercise of this kind. METHODS Seventy-two men (age 40-85) were randomized into an experimental (EX, n = 40) and a control (CTRL, n = 32) group. EX participated in a 20-week program combining heavy and explosive strength exercises with sprint training. CTRL maintained their usual, run-based sprint training schedules. Bone structural, strength and densitometric parameters were assessed by peripheral QCT at the distal tibia and tibial midshaft. RESULTS The intervention had no effects on distal tibia bone traits. At the mid-tibia, the mean difference in the change in cortical thickness (ThCO) in EX compared to CTRL was 2.0% (p = 0.007). The changes in structure and strength were more pronounced in the most compliant athletes (training adherence >75%). Compared to CTRL, total and cortical cross-sectional area, ThCO, and the area and density-weighted moments of inertia for the direction of the smallest flexural rigidity (I minA , I minD ) increased in EX by 1.6-3.2% (p = 0.023-0.006). Polar mass distribution analysis revealed increased BMC at the anteromedial site, whereas vBMD decreased (p = 0.035-0.043). CONCLUSIONS Intensive strength and sprint training improves mid-tibia structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes, suggesting that in the presence of high-intensity loading exercise, the adaptability of the bone structure is maintained during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Suominen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - M T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M Alén
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital and Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Mero
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - T Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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VLACHOPOULOS DIMITRIS, UBAGO-GUISADO ESTHER, BARKER ALANR, METCALF BRADS, FATOUROS IOANNISG, AVLONITI ALEXANDRA, KNAPP KARENM, MORENO LUISA, WILLIAMS CRAIGA, GRACIA-MARCO LUIS. Determinants of Bone Outcomes in Adolescent Athletes at Baseline. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1389-1396. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Declining Physical Performance Associates with Serum FasL, miR-21, and miR-146a in Aging Sprinters. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8468469. [PMID: 28127562 PMCID: PMC5239835 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8468469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with systemic inflammation and cellular apoptosis accelerating physiological dysfunctions. Whether physically active way of life affects these associations is unclear. This study measured the levels of serum inflammatory and apoptotic molecules, their change over 10 years, and their associations with physical performance in sprint-trained male athletes. HsCRP, cell counts, HGB, FasL, miR-21, and miR-146a were measured cross-sectionally (n = 67, 18–90 yrs) and serum FasL, miR-21, and miR-146a and their aging-related associations with physical performance were assessed over a 10-year follow-up (n = 49, 50–90 yrs). The cross-sectional study showed positive age correlations for neutrophils and negative for lymphocytes, red blood cells, HGB, FasL, and miR-146a. During the 10-year follow-up, FasL decreased (P = 0.017) and miR-21 (P < 0.001) and miR-146a (P = 0.005) levels increased. When combining the molecule levels, aging, and physical performance, FasL associated with countermovement jump and bench press (P < 0.001), miR-21 and miR-146a with knee flexion (P = 0.023; P < 0.001), and bench press (P = 0.004; P < 0.001) and miR-146a with sprint performance (P < 0.001). The studied serum molecules changed in an age-dependent manner and were associated with declining physical performance. They have potential as biomarkers of aging-related processes influencing the development of physiological dysfunctions. Further research is needed focusing on the origins and targets of circulating microRNAs to clarify their function in various tissues with aging.
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Stenroth L, Cronin NJ, Peltonen J, Korhonen MT, Sipilä S, Finni T. Triceps surae muscle-tendon properties in older endurance- and sprint-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:63-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that aging is associated with alterations in muscle architecture and tendon properties (Morse CI, Thom JM, Birch KM, Narici MV. Acta Physiol Scand 183: 291–298, 2005; Narici MV, Maganaris CN, Reeves ND, Capodaglio P. J Appl Physiol 95: 2229–2234, 2003; Stenroth L, Peltonen J, Cronin NJ, Sipila S, Finni T. J Appl Physiol 113: 1537–1544, 2012). However, the possible influence of different types of regular exercise loading on muscle architecture and tendon properties in older adults is poorly understood. To address this, triceps surae muscle-tendon properties were examined in older male endurance (OE, n = 10, age = 74.0 ± 2.8 yr) and sprint runners (OS, n = 10, age = 74.4 ± 2.8 yr), with an average of 42 yr of regular training experience, and compared with age-matched [older control (OC), n = 33, age = 74.8 ± 3.6 yr] and young untrained controls (YC, n = 18, age = 23.7 ± 2.0 yr). Compared with YC, Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) was 22% ( P = 0.022), 45% ( P = 0.001), and 71% ( P < 0.001) larger in OC, OE, and OS, respectively. Among older groups, OS had significantly larger tendon CSA compared with OC ( P = 0.033). No significant between-group differences were observed in Achilles tendon stiffness. In older groups, Young's modulus was 31-44%, and maximal tendon stress 44–55% lower, than in YC ( P ≤ 0.001). OE showed shorter soleus fascicle length than both OC ( P < 0.05) and YC ( P < 0.05). These data suggest that long-term running does not counteract the previously reported age-related increase in tendon CSA, but, instead, may have an additive effect. The greatest Achilles tendon CSA was observed in OS followed by OE and OC, suggesting that adaptation to running exercise is loading intensity dependent. Achilles tendon stiffness was maintained in older groups, even though all older groups displayed larger tendon CSA and lower tendon Young's modulus. Shorter soleus muscle fascicles in OE runners may be an adaptation to life-long endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Stenroth
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Neil J. Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
| | - Jussi Peltonen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
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Hui W, Jinyuan X, Zhong J, Shuliang Y, Hongquan S, Xitao N, Huanmin H, Wei C, Jianwei P, Nengyi J, Shao C, Honggen D. Effect of a Traditional Chinese Medicine combined therapy on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled trial. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:514-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Śliwicka E, Nowak A, Zep W, Leszczyński P, Pilaczyńska-Szcześniak Ł. Bone mass and bone metabolic indices in male master rowers. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:540-6. [PMID: 25224128 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess bone mass and bone metabolic indices in master athletes who regularly perform rowing exercises. The study was performed in 29 men: 14 master rowers and 15 non-athletic, body mass index-matched controls. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were performed for the total body, regional areas (arms, total forearms, trunk, thoracic spine, pelvis, and legs), lumbar spine (L1-L4), left hip (total hip and femoral neck), and forearm (33 % radius of the dominant and nondominant forearm). Serum concentrations of osteocalcin, collagen type I cross-linked C-telopeptide, visfatin, resistin, insulin, and glucose were determined. Comparative analyses showed significantly lower levels of body fat and higher lean body mass values in the rowers compared to the control group. The rowers also had significantly higher values of total and regional (left arm, trunk, thoracic spine, pelvis, and leg) BMD, as well as higher BMD values for the lumbar spine and the left hip. There were significant differences between the groups with respect to insulin, glucose, and the index of homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance. In conclusion, the systematic training of master rowers has beneficial effects on total and regional BMD and may be recommended for preventing osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Hygiene, University School of Physical Education in Poznań, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland,
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Abstract
Bone fragility is a major health concern, as the increased risk of bone fractures has devastating outcomes in terms of mortality, decreased autonomy, and healthcare costs. Efforts made to address this problem have considerably increased our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate bone formation and resorption. In particular, we now have a much better understanding of the cellular events that are triggered when bones are mechanically stimulated and how these events can lead to improvements in bone mass. Despite these findings at the molecular level, most exercise intervention studies reveal either no effects or only minor benefits of exercise programs in improving bone mineral density (BMD) in osteoporotic patients. Nevertheless, and despite that BMD is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis, this measure is only able to provide insights regarding the quantity of bone tissue. In this article, we review the complex structure of bone tissue and highlight the concept that its mechanical strength stems from the interaction of several different features. We revisited the available data showing that bone mineralization degree, hydroxyapatite crystal size and heterogeneity, collagen properties, osteocyte density, trabecular and cortical microarchitecture, as well as whole bone geometry, are determinants of bone strength and that each one of these properties may independently contribute to the increased or decreased risk of fracture, even without meaningful changes in aBMD. Based on these findings, we emphasize that while osteoporosis (almost) always causes bone fragility, bone fragility is not always caused just by osteoporosis, as other important variables also play a major role in this etiology. Furthermore, the results of several studies showing compelling data that physical exercise has the potential to improve bone quality and to decrease fracture risk by influencing each one of these determinants are also reviewed. These findings have meaningful clinical repercussions as they emphasize the fact that, even without leading to improvements in BMD, exercise interventions in patients with osteoporosis may be beneficial by improving other determinants of bone strength.
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Abstract
Decades of research support the fact that much age-related deterioration is the result of the effects of sedentary lifestyles and the development of medical conditions rather than of aging itself. Elite older athletes, who demonstrate enhanced performance compared with historic cohorts and even some younger peers, are models of this paradigm. Many non-elite middle-aged adults and older adults continue to remain increasingly active throughout middle age and beyond. A continually growing body of basic science and clinical evidence demonstrates how active persons modulate physical decline through training. An updated understanding of how active adults defy age helps orthopaedic surgeons not only manage their patients' performance but also improve their lives. A large segment of sedentary older adults will benefit from counseling that encourages the pursuit of more active and healthier lifestyles.
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Rantalainen T, Duckham RL, Suominen H, Heinonen A, Alén M, Korhonen MT. Tibial and fibular mid-shaft bone traits in young and older sprinters and non-athletic men. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:132-40. [PMID: 24925060 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High impact loading is known to prevent some of the age-related bone loss but its effects on the density distribution of cortical bone are relatively unknown. This study examined the effects of age and habitual sprinting on tibial and fibular mid-shaft bone traits (structural, cortical radial and polar bone mineral density distributions). Data from 67 habitual male sprinters aged 19-39 and 65-84 years, and 60 non-athletic men (referents) aged 21-39 and 65-80 years are reported. Tibial and fibular mid-shaft bone traits (strength strain index SSI, cortical density CoD, and polar and radial cortical density distributions) were assessed with peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for height and body mass indicated that the sprinters had 21 % greater tibial SSI (P < 0.001) compared to the referents, with no group × age-group interaction (P = 0.54). At the fibula no group difference or group × age-group interaction was identified (P = 0.12-0.81). For tibial radial density distribution ANCOVA indicated no group × radial division (P = 0.50) or group × age-group × division interaction (P = 0.63), whereas an age × radial division interaction was observed (P < 0.001). For polar density distribution, no age-group × polar sector (P = 0.21), group × polar sector (P = 0.46), or group × age-group × polar sector interactions were detected (P = 0.15). Habitual sprint training appears to maintain tibial bone strength, but not radial cortical density distribution into older age. Fibular bone strength appeared unaffected by habitual sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rantalainen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland,
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Slizewski A, Schönau E, Shaw C, Harvati K. Muscle area estimation from cortical bone. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1695-707. [PMID: 24123941 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates the relationship between the cortical bone of the radius and the muscle area of the forearm. The aim of this study was to develop a method for muscle area estimation from cortical bone area at 65% of radius length where the muscle area at the forearm is largest. Muscle area and cortical area were measured directly in vivo by peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). We found significant correlations between muscle area and cortical area (r = 0.881) in the forearm that are in line with previous studies. We have set up a regression model by testing relevant parameters such as age, sex, forearm length, and stature that were all highly correlated to muscle area. The influence of age and sex on the proportion of muscle area to cortical area is strong and potentially related to the effects of testosterone and estrogen on the muscle-bone-unit. Muscle area estimation from cortical bone is possible with a Percent Standard Error of Estimate (%SEE) ranging from 12.03% to 14.83%, depending on the parameters available and the age and sex of the individual. Muscle area estimation from cortical bone can provide new information for the study of skeletal and/or fossil human remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Slizewski
- Paleoanthropology, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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