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Lalonde F, Caru M, Baudet M, Ribeiro PA, Martin SM, Comtois AS, Tournoux FB. Cardiac remodeling in amateur triathletes after 24 weeks of exercise training for a half-Ironman event: a brief report. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:367-372. [PMID: 35816147 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triathletes' physiological adaptations to exercise training can have a different impact on cardiac remodeling based on the extreme exercise preparation. Moreover, cardiac remodeling might be different depending on whether triathletes have trained for many years or if they just decided to be more active. Nevertheless, data are limited in amateur endurance athletes and studies about them are key for their safety. Therefore, we investigated the effects of exercise training for a half-ironman on cardiac remodeling. METHODS A total of 24 amateur athletes underwent a 24-week exercise program and were followed by three-dimensional echocardiography to assess its global impact on cardiac remodeling. Subanalyses were performed based on participants past-training experience (low versus high). RESULTS We found significant group effects on the right and left ventricle, significant time effect on the right ventricle. No significant interaction effects were observed. We observed significant correlations between the right ventricle, clinical and performance characteristics where the peak power output explained 38% of the variance, while the body surface area, weight and power at the second ventilatory threshold explained 34%, 31% and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Changes in cardiac remodeling in response to an exercise program for a half-ironman are not homogeneous across the ventricles and are influenced by participants' past-training experience. This study strengthens our knowledge of extreme exercise training for a half-ironman to further develop better training programs and medical follow-up in amateur triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lalonde
- Division of Cardiology, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada - .,Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada -
| | - Maxime Caru
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mathilde Baudet
- Division of Cardiology, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paula Ab Ribeiro
- Division of Cardiology, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah-Maude Martin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain S Comtois
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - François B Tournoux
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Miranda DP, Alves WEFM, Lopes HHMC, Santana VJ, Bocchi EA, Salemi VMC. Association between right heart dimensions and muscle performance and cardiorespiratory capacity in strength and endurance athletes. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P. Miranda
- Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Evaluation and Exercise Physiology (LAFFEX) Department of Physical Education University of Barretos (Unifeb) Barretos Brazil
| | | | | | - Vinícius J. Santana
- Laboratory of Physical Evaluation and Exercise Physiology (LAFFEX) Department of Physical Education University of Barretos (Unifeb) Barretos Brazil
| | - Edimar A. Bocchi
- Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Vera Maria C. Salemi
- Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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Nespolo RF, González-Lagos C, Solano-Iguaran JJ, Elfwing M, Garitano-Zavala A, Mañosa S, Alonso JC, Altimiras J. Aerobic power and flight capacity in birds: a phylogenetic test of the heart-size hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.162693. [PMID: 29150450 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.162693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flight capacity is one of the most important innovations in animal evolution; it only evolved in insects, birds, mammals and the extinct pterodactyls. Given that powered flight represents a demanding aerobic activity, an efficient cardiovascular system is essential for the continuous delivery of oxygen to the pectoral muscles during flight. It is well known that the limiting step in the circulation is stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle to the body during each beat), which is determined by the size of the ventricle. Thus, the fresh mass of the heart represents a simple and repeatable anatomical measure of the aerobic power of an animal. Although several authors have compared heart masses across bird species, a phylogenetic comparative analysis is still lacking. By compiling heart sizes for 915 species and applying several statistical procedures controlling for body size and/or testing for adaptive trends in the dataset (e.g. model selection approaches, phylogenetic generalized linear models), we found that (residuals of) heart size is consistently associated with four categories of flight capacity. In general, our results indicate that species exhibiting continuous hovering flight (i.e. hummingbirds) have substantially larger hearts than other groups, species that use flapping flight and gliding show intermediate values, and that species categorized as poor flyers show the smallest values. Our study reveals that on a broad scale, routine flight modes seem to have shaped the energetic requirements of birds sufficiently to be anatomically detected at the comparative level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile .,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - César González-Lagos
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaiber J Solano-Iguaran
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Magnus Elfwing
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Division of Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alvaro Garitano-Zavala
- Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Santiago Mañosa
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciéncies Ambientals, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Alonso
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Altimiras
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Division of Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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D'Ascenzi F, Pelliccia A, Solari M, Piu P, Loiacono F, Anselmi F, Caselli S, Focardi M, Bonifazi M, Mondillo S. Normative Reference Values of Right Heart in Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30:845-858.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Knechtle B, Knechtle R, Stiefel M, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Rüst CA. Variables that influence Ironman triathlon performance - what changed in the last 35 years? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:277-90. [PMID: 26346992 PMCID: PMC4556299 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s85310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review summarizes findings for Ironman triathlon performance and intends to determine potential predictor variables for Ironman race performance in female and male triathletes. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms "Ironman", "triathlon", and "performance". All resulting articles were searched for related citations. RESULTS Age, previous experience, sex, training, origin, anthropometric and physiological characteristics, pacing, and performance in split disciplines were predictive. Differences exist between the sexes for anthropometric characteristics. The most important predictive variables for a fast Ironman race time were age of 30-35 years (women and men), a fast personal best time in Olympic distance triathlon (women and men), a fast personal best time in marathon (women and men), high volume and high speed in training where high volume was more important than high speed (women and men), low body fat, low skin-fold thicknesses and low circumference of upper arm (only men), and origin from the United States of America (women and men). CONCLUSION These findings may help athletes and coaches to plan an Ironman triathlon career. Age and previous experience are important to find the right point in the life of a triathlete to switch from the shorter triathlon distances to the Ironman distance. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake with Ironman race time to investigate their potential predictive value and to investigate socio-economic aspects in Ironman triathlon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland ; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stiefel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Knechtle B, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Stiefel M, Rüst CA. What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? - a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon. Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:149-59. [PMID: 26056498 PMCID: PMC4445872 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s79273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This narrative review summarizes recent intentions to find potential predictor variables for ultra-triathlon race performance (ie, triathlon races longer than the Ironman distance covering 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running). Results from studies on ultra-triathletes were compared to results on studies on Ironman triathletes. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms “ultra”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “ultra-triathlon”, and “Ironman”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “Ironman triathlon”. All resulting papers were searched for related citations. Results for ultra-triathlons were compared to results for Ironman-distance triathlons to find potential differences. Results Athletes competing in Ironman and ultra-triathlon differed in anthropometric and training characteristics, where both Ironmen and ultra-triathletes profited from low body fat, but ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume, whereas speed during training was related to Ironman race time. The most important predictive variables for a fast race time in an ultra-triathlon from Double Iron (ie, 7.6 km swimming, 360 km cycling, and 84.4 km running) and longer were male sex, low body fat, age of 35–40 years, extensive previous experience, a fast time in cycling and running but not in swimming, and origins in Central Europe. Conclusion Any athlete intending to compete in an ultra-triathlon should be aware that low body fat and high training volumes are highly predictive for overall race time. Little is known about the physiological characteristics of these athletes and about female ultra-triathletes. Future studies need to investigate anthropometric and training characteristics of female ultra-triathletes and what motivates women to compete in these races. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) with ultra-triathlon race performance in order to investigate whether these characteristics are also predictive for ultra-triathlon race performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ; Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stiefel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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