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Cardiac Hypertrophy and Related Dysfunctions in Cushing Syndrome Patients-Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237035. [PMID: 36498610 PMCID: PMC9739690 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate of adrenal Cushing syndrome patients has been greatly increased because of the availability of appropriate surgical and pharmacological treatments. Nevertheless, increased possibility of a heart attack induced by a cardiovascular event remains a major risk factor for the survival of affected patients. In experimental studies, hypercortisolemia has been found to cause cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via glucocorticoid receptor activation, including the possibility of cross talk among several hypertrophy signals related to cardiomyocytes and tissue-dependent regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. However, the factors are more complex in clinical cases, as both geometric and functional impairments leading to heart failure have been revealed, and their associations with a wide range of factors such as hypertension are crucial. In addition, knowledge regarding such alterations in autonomous cortisol secretion, which has a high risk of leading to heart attack as well as overt Cushing syndrome, is quite limited. When considering the effects of treatment, partial improvement of structural alterations is expected, while functional disorders are controversial. Therefore, whether the normalization of excess cortisol attenuates the risk related to cardiac hypertrophy has yet to be fully elucidated.
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Sigvardsen PE, Larsen LH, Carstensen HG, Sørgaard M, Hindsø L, Hassager C, Køber L, Møgelvang R, Kofoed KF. Prognostic implications of left ventricular asymmetry in patients with asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 19:168-175. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jew339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Ozdemir S, Tan YZ, Gazi E. Is the Increased Septal Perfusion the Signal of Asymmetrical Septal Hypertrophy? World J Nucl Med 2016; 15:184-9. [PMID: 27651739 PMCID: PMC5020792 DOI: 10.4103/1450-1147.174706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have compared scintigraphic and echocardiographic data in order to investigate whether increased septal perfusion represents asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH), which is a symptom followed in the scintigraphy of myocardial perfusion. The study consists of a total of 186 patients (120 females and 66 males with an average age of 59.45 ± 11.54 years) who had normal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and echocardiography examinations. Statistical comparison of septal wall thickness measurements obtained from echocardiography and septal-to-lateral wall ratios (S/L ratio) was performed scintigraphically. Left ventricular mass values were obtained as both scintigraphic and echocardiographic data and their correlations were evaluated in order to assess the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In statistical analyses, the values of interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd), left ventricle posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWd), left ventricle mass (LVM), and left ventricle mass index (LVMI) were found to be significantly higher in group 2 (S/L ratio >1) compared to group 1 (S/L ratio <1). In addition, S/L ratio is significantly correlated with echocardiographic IVSd, LVPWd, LVM, LVMI, and scintigraphic LVM (rest) values. Furthermore, echocardiographic LVM and LVMI values were significantly correlated with LVM and LVMI values obtained from scintigraphy. It should be known that increased S/L ratio that can be monitored during scintigraphic studies can be an indicator of septal hypertrophy and/or LVH, however, further examination and close follow-ups should be performed in necessary cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Ozdemir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ziya Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Emine Gazi
- Department of Cardiology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Dweck MR, Joshi S, Murigu T, Gulati A, Alpendurada F, Jabbour A, Maceira A, Roussin I, Northridge DB, Kilner PJ, Cook SA, Boon NA, Pepper J, Mohiaddin RH, Newby DE, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK. Left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012; 14:50. [PMID: 22839417 PMCID: PMC3457907 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard non-invasive method for determining left ventricular (LV) mass and volume but has not been used previously to characterise the LV remodeling response in aortic stenosis. We sought to investigate the degree and patterns of hypertrophy in aortic stenosis using CMR. METHODS Patients with moderate or severe aortic stenosis, normal coronary arteries and no other significant valve lesions or cardiomyopathy were scanned by CMR with valve severity assessed by planimetry and velocity mapping. The extent and patterns of hypertrophy were investigated using measurements of the LV mass index, indexed LV volumes and the LV mass/volume ratio. Asymmetric forms of remodeling and hypertrophy were defined by a regional wall thickening ≥ 13 mm and >1.5-fold the thickness of the opposing myocardial segment. RESULTS Ninety-one patients (61 ± 21 years; 57 male) with aortic stenosis (aortic valve area 0.93 ± 0.32 cm2) were recruited. The severity of aortic stenosis was unrelated to the degree (r2=0.012, P=0.43) and pattern (P=0.22) of hypertrophy. By univariate analysis, only male sex demonstrated an association with LV mass index (P=0.02). Six patterns of LV adaption were observed: normal ventricular geometry (n=11), concentric remodeling (n=11), asymmetric remodeling (n=11), concentric hypertrophy (n=34), asymmetric hypertrophy (n=14) and LV decompensation (n=10). Asymmetric patterns displayed considerable overlap in appearances (wall thickness 17 ± 2mm) with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that in patients with moderate and severe aortic stenosis, the pattern of LV adaption and degree of hypertrophy do not closely correlate with the severity of valve narrowing and that asymmetric patterns of wall thickening are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Dweck
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv Joshi
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Murigu
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Ankur Gulati
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Jabbour
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Maceira
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Roussin
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
| | - David B Northridge
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Kilner
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Cook
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Boon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John Pepper
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raad H Mohiaddin
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dudley J Pennell
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay K Prasad
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Papadopoulos DP, Papademetriou V. Hypertrophic and hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--a true association? Angiology 2009; 61:92-9. [PMID: 19240104 DOI: 10.1177/0003319709331391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cardiomyopathies were previously defined as ''heart muscle diseases of unknown cause'' and were differentiated from specific heart muscle disease with known cause. With increasing understanding of etiology and pathogenesis, the difference between cardiomyopathy and specific heart muscle disease has become indistinct. The term specific cardiomyopathies are used to describe heart diseases that are associated with specific cardiac or systemic disorders. These were previously defined as specific heart muscle diseases. They included ischemic cardiomyopathy, valvular cardiomyopathy, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, metabolic cardiomyopathy, general system disease, muscular dystrophies, sensitivity and toxic reactions, and peripartal cardiomyopathy. The cardiomyopathies are therefore classified by the dominant pathophysiology or, if possible, by etiological/pathogenetic factors. Topol in 1985 described a syndrome called hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that included severe concentric cardiac hypertrophy, a small left ventricular cavity, and supernormal indexes of systolic function without concurrent medical illness or ischemic heart disease. The aim of this review was to highlighted this syndrome from pathophysiological, clinical, diagnostical view and clear all the possible correlations with genetic, inflammatory, and other markers.
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