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Shu L, Yuan Z, Li F, Cai Z. Oxidative stress and valvular endothelial cells in aortic valve calcification. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114775. [PMID: 37116353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals. Although it was previously considered a degenerative disease, it is, in fact, a progressive disease involving multiple mechanisms. Aortic valve endothelial cells, which cover the outermost layer of the aortic valve and are directly exposed to various pathogenic factors, play a significant role in the onset and progression of CAVD. Hemodynamic changes can directly damage the structure and function of valvular endothelial cells (VECs). This leads to inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress, which promote the progression of CAVD. VECs can regulate the pathological differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) through NO and thus affect the process of CAVD. Under the influence of pathological factors, VECs can also be transformed into VICs through EndMT, and then the pathological differentiation of VICs eventually leads to the formation of calcification. This review discusses the role of VECs, especially the role of oxidative stress in VECs, in the process of aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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A Straightforward Cytometry-Based Protocol for the Comprehensive Analysis of the Inflammatory Valve Infiltrate in Aortic Stenosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032194. [PMID: 36768515 PMCID: PMC9916774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a frequent cardiac disease in old individuals, characterized by valvular calcification, fibrosis, and inflammation. Recent studies suggest that AS is an active inflammatory atherosclerotic-like process. Particularly, it has been suggested that several immune cell types, present in the valve infiltrate, contribute to its degeneration and to the progression toward stenosis. Furthermore, the infiltrating T cell subpopulations mainly consist of oligoclonal expansions, probably specific for persistent antigens. Thus, the characterization of the cells implicated in the aortic valve calcification and the analysis of the antigens to which those cells respond to is of utmost importance to develop new therapies alternative to the replacement of the valve itself. However, calcified aortic valves have been only studied so far by histological and immunohistochemical methods, unable to render an in-depth phenotypical and functional cell profiling. Here we present, for the first time, a simple and efficient cytometry-based protocol that allows the identification and quantification of infiltrating inflammatory leukocytes in aortic valve explants. Our cytometry protocol saves time and facilitates the simultaneous analysis of numerous surface and intracellular cell markers and may well be also applied to the study of other cardiac diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Bian W, Wang Z, Sun C, Zhang DM. Pathogenesis and Molecular Immune Mechanism of Calcified Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:765419. [PMID: 35004882 PMCID: PMC8734655 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.765419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD) was previously regarded as a passive process associated with valve degeneration and calcium deposition. However, recent studies have shown that the occurrence of CAVD is an active process involving complex changes such as endothelial injury, chronic inflammation, matrix remodeling, and neovascularization. CAVD is the ectopic accumulation of calcium nodules on the surface of the aortic valve, which leads to aortic valve thickening, functional stenosis, and ultimately hemodynamic disorders. CAVD has become an important cause of death from cardiovascular disease. The discovery of therapeutic targets to delay or block the progression of CAVD and the clinical application of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of CAVD. This article summarizes the pathogenesis of CAVD and provides insight into the future directions of CAVD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chongxiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang P, The E, Nedumaran B, Ao L, Jarrett MJ, Xu D, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Monocytes enhance the inflammatory response to TLR2 stimulation in aortic valve interstitial cells through paracrine up-regulation of TLR2 level. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:3062-3074. [PMID: 33061818 PMCID: PMC7545700 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.49332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic valvular inflammation associated with monocyte infiltration promotes calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) progression. Further, innate immunity in aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs), mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), up-regulates cellular inflammatory, fibrogenic and osteogenic activities. Currently, the pro-inflammatory communication between monocytes and AVICs and the underlying mechanism are unclear. We hypothesized that monocytes up-regulate AVIC inflammatory activity. This study sought to characterize the interaction between monocytes and AVICs and to elucidate the mechanism underlying cell-to-cell communication. Methods and Results: AVICs, monocytes and co-cultures were exposed to a low concentration of TLR2 activator Pam3CSK4 (0.03 µg/ml). The TLR2 activator at this dose induced a marked increase in AVIC production of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 only when co-cultured with monocytes. Adding conditioned medium from Pam3CSK4-treated monocytes (Pam3 CM, containing 0.1 µg/ml of Pam3CSK4) to AVIC culture (30% vol/vol; diluting Pam3CSK4 to 0.03 µg/ml) greatly increased the expression of adhesion molecules while adding conditioned medium from untreated monocytes (control CM) had no effect. Inhibition or knockdown of TLR2 in AVICs markedly reduced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression induced by Pam3 CM. Further, Pam3 CM increased TLR2 levels in AVICs. Multiplex-ELISA analysis of Pam3 CM identified greater levels of TNF-α. Neutralization of TNF-α abolished the effect of Pam3 CM on AVIC TLR2 levels, resulting in marked attenuation of its potency in the induction of adhesion molecule expression. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that activated monocytes use paracrine signaling to sensitize AVICs for inflammatory responses to a low level of TLR2 activator. The mechanism of sensitization involves up-regulation of AVIC TLR2 levels by TNF-α from monocytes. Infiltrated monocytes in aortic valve tissue may exacerbate valvular inflammation by rendering AVICs hypersensitive to TLR2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erlinda The
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael J Jarrett
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
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Peeters FECM, Dudink EAMP, Weijs B, Fabritz L, Chua W, Kietselaer BLJH, Wildberger JE, Meex SJR, Kirchhof P, Crijns HJGM, Schurgers LJ. Biomarkers Associated With Aortic Valve Calcification: Should We Focus on Sex Specific Processes? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:604. [PMID: 32754594 PMCID: PMC7366171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Circulating biomarkers are useful in detection and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases. However, their role in aortic valve disease is unclear. Mechanisms are rapidly elucidated and sex differences are suggested to be involved. Therefore, we sought to identify biomarkers involved in aortic valve calcification (AVC) stratified by sex. Methods Blood samples of 34 patients with AVC (without further overt cardiovascular disease, including absence of hemodynamic consequences of valvular calcification) were compared with 136 patients without AVC. AVC was determined using computed tomography calcium scoring. Circulating biomarkers were quantified using a novel antibody-based method (Olink Proseek Multiplex Cardiovascular Panel I) and 92 biomarkers were compared between patients with and without AVC. Results In the overall population, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and pappalysin-1 were associated with increased and decreased odds of having AVC. These differences were driven by the male population [IL1RA: OR 2.79 (1.16-6.70), p = 0.022; PAPPA: OR 0.30 (0.11-0.84), p = 0.021]. Furthermore, TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) and fibroblast growth factor-23 were associated decreased odds of having AVC, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was associated with increased odds of having AVC [TRANCE: OR 0.32 (0.12-0.80), p = 0.015; FGF23: OR 0.41 (0.170-0.991), p = 0.048; MCP1: OR 2.64 (1.02-6.81), p = 0.045]. In contrast, galanin peptides and ST2 were associated with increased odds of having AVC in females [GAL: OR 12.38 (1.31-116.7), p = 0.028; ST2: OR13.64 (1.21-153.33), p = 0.034]. Conclusion In this exploratory study, we identified biomarkers involved in inflammation, fibrosis and calcification which may be associated with having AVC. Biomarkers involved in fibrosis may show higher expression in females, whilst biomarkers involved in inflammation and calcification could associate with AVC in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique E C M Peeters
- Department of Cardiology and CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elton A M P Dudink
- Department of Cardiology and CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bob Weijs
- Department of Cardiology and CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Winnie Chua
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bas L J H Kietselaer
- Department of Cardiology and CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Steven J R Meex
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J G M Crijns
- Department of Cardiology and CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry and CARIM, Maastricht University, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Thermodynamic and experimental modeling of the formation of the mineral phase of calcification. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jana S, Lerman A. Behavior of valvular interstitial cells on trilayered nanofibrous substrate mimicking morphologies of heart valve leaflet. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:142-156. [PMID: 30528607 PMCID: PMC6347416 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart valve tissue engineering could be an alternative to the current bioprosthetic heart valve that faces limitations especially in pediatric patients. However, heart valve tissue engineering has remained challenging because leaflets - the primary component of a heart valve - have three layers with three diverse orientations - circumferential, random and radial, respectively. In order to mimic the orientations, we first designed three novel collectors to fabricate three nanofibrous layers with those orientations from a polymeric biomaterial in an electrospinning system. Then, we devised a novel direct electrospinning technique to develop a unified trilayered nanofibrous (TN) substrate comprising those oriented layers. The TN substrate supported the growth and orientations of seeded porcine valvular interstitial cells (PVICs) and their deposited collagen fibrils. After one month culture, the obtained trilayered tissue construct (TC) exhibited increased tensile properties over its TN substrate. Most importantly, the developed TC did not show any sign of shrinkage. Gene expression pattern of the PVICs indicated the developing stage of the TC. Their protein expression pattern was quite similar to that of leaflets. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript talks about development of a novel trilayered nanofibrous substrate mimicking the morphologies of a heart valve leaflet. It also describes culturing of valvular interstitial cells that reside in a leaflet, in the substrate and compares the behavior of the cultured cells with that in native leaflets in terms cell morphology, protein deposition and its orientation, and molecular signature. This study builds the groundwork for our future trilayered, tissue-engineered leaflet development. This research article would be of great interest to investigators and researchers in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering especially in cardiac valve tissue engineering through biomaterial-based tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Jana
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Chiyoya M, Seya K, Yu Z, Daitoku K, Motomura S, Imaizumi T, Fukuda I, Furukawa KI. Matrix Gla protein negatively regulates calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells isolated from calcified aortic valves. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 136:257-265. [PMID: 29653899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve stenosis (CAS) is a common heart valve disease in elderly people, and is mostly accompanied by ectopic valve calcification. We recently demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induces calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs) obtained from CAS patients. In this study, we investigated the role of matrix Gla protein (MGP), a known calcification inhibitor that antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in TNF-α-induced calcification of HAVICs. HAVICs isolated from aortic valves were cultured, and calcification was significantly induced with 30 ng/mL TNF-α. Gene expression of the calcigenic marker, BMP2, was significantly increased in response to TNF-α, while the gene and protein expression of MGP was strongly decreased. To confirm the role of MGP, MGP-knockdown HAVICs and HAVICs overexpressing MGP were generated. In HAVICs, in which MGP expression was inhibited by small interfering RNA, calcification and BMP2 gene expression were induced following long-term culture for 32 days in the absence of TNF-α. In contrast, HAVICs overexpressing MGP had significantly decreased TNF-α-induced calcification. These results suggest that MGP acts as a negative regulator of HAVIC calcification, and as such, may be helpful in the development of new therapies for ectopic calcification of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Chiyoya
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Zaiqiang Yu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Daitoku
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shigeru Motomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fukuda
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
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Rezvova MA, Kudryavceva YA. Modern Approaches to Chemical Modification of Proteins in Biological Tissues: Consequences and Application. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Jana S, Lerman A, Simari RD. In Vitro Model of a Fibrosa Layer of a Heart Valve. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20012-20. [PMID: 26295833 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The fibrosa layer of a cardiac aortic valve is composed mostly of a dense network of type I collagen fibers oriented in circumferential direction. This main layer bears the tensile load and responds to the high stress on a leaflet. The inner fibrosa layer is also the site of pathophysiologic changes that result in valvular dysfunction, including stenosis and regurgitation. In vitro studies of these changes are limited by the absence of a substrate that mimics the circumferentially oriented structure of the fibrosa layer. In heart valve tissue engineering, generation of this layer is challenging. This study aimed to develop an artificial fibrosa layer of a native aortic leaflet. A unique morphologically biomimicked, pliable, but standalone substrate with circumferentially oriented nanofibers was fabricated by electrospinning on a novel collector designed for this study. The substrate had low-bulk tensile stiffness and ultimate strength; thus, cultured valvular interstitial cells (VICs) showed a fibroblast phenotype that is generally observed in a healthy aortic leaflet. Furthermore, gene and protein expression and morphology of VICs in substrates were close to those in the fibrosa layer of a native aortic leaflet. This artificial fibrosa layer can be useful for in vitro studies of valvular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Jana
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic , 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Robert D Simari
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas , 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
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An Y, Wang YT, Ma YT, Wulasihan M, Huang Y, Adi D, Yang YN, Ma X, Li XM, Xie X, Huang D, Liu F, Chen BD. IL-10 genetic polymorphisms were associated with valvular calcification in Han, Uygur and Kazak populations in Xinjiang, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128965. [PMID: 26039365 PMCID: PMC4454577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Valvular calcification occurs via ongoing endothelial injury associated with inflammation. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine and 75% of the variation in IL-10 production is genetically determined. However, the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of IL-10 and valvular calcification has not been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between valvular calcification and IL-10 genetic polymorphisms in the Han, Uygur and Kazak populations in China. PATIENTS AND METHODS All of the participants were selected from subjects participating in the Cardiovascular Risk Survey (CRS) study. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1800871 and rs1800872 of the IL-10 gene were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Three independent case-control studies involving the Han population, the Uygur population and the Kazak population were used in the analysis. RESULTS For the Han and Kazak populations, rs1800871 was found to be associated with valvular calcification in the recessive model, and the difference remained statistically significant following multivariate adjustment (p<0.001, p=0.031, respectively). For the Han, Uygur and Kazak populations, rs1800872 was found to be associated with valvular calcification in the dominant model, and the difference remained statistically significant following multivariate adjustment (p<0.001, p=0.009, and p=0.023,respectively). CONCLUSION Both rs1800871 and rs1800872 of the IL-10 gene are associated with valvular calcification in the Han and Kazak populations in China. Rs1800872 is also associated with valvular calcification in the Uygur population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong An
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Yong-Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YTM); (MW)
| | - Muhuyati Wulasihan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YTM); (MW)
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Dilare Adi
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Ding Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054 P.R. China
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