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Xi R, Abdulla R, Zhang M, Sherzod Z, Ivanovna VV, Habasi M, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetic Study and Metabolite Identification of 1-(3'-bromophenyl)-heliamine in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121483. [PMID: 36558934 PMCID: PMC9781129 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinolines have been widely investigated for the treatment of arrhythmias. 1-(3'-bromophenyl)-heliamine (BH), an anti-arrhythmias agent, is a synthetic tetrahydroisoquinoline. This study focuses on the pharmacokinetic characterization of BH, as well as the identification of its metabolites, both in vitro and in vivo. A UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify BH in rat plasma with a linear range of 1-1000 ng/mL. The validated method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. The maximum concentration Cmax (568.65 ± 122.14 ng/mL) reached 1.00 ± 0.45 h after oral administration. The main metabolic pathways appeared to be phase-I of demethylation, dehydrogenation, and epoxidation, and phase II of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, a total of 18 metabolites were characterized, including 10 phase I metabolites and 8 phase II metabolites. Through the above studies, we have gained a better understanding of the absorption and metabolism of BH in vitro and in vivo, which will provide us with guidance for future in-depth studies on this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqi Xi
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rahima Abdulla
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhurakulov Sherzod
- S. Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
| | - Vinogradova Valentina Ivanovna
- S. Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
| | - Maidina Habasi
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (Y.L.)
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Kurokawa J, Kodama M, Clancy CE, Furukawa T. Sex hormonal regulation of cardiac ion channels in drug-induced QT syndromes. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 168:23-28. [PMID: 27595633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Female sex is an independent risk factor for development of torsade de pointes (TdP) arrhythmias not only in congenital long QT syndromes but also in acquired long QT syndromes. Clinical and experimental evidences suggest that the gender differences may be due to, at least in part, gender differences in regulation of rate-corrected QT (QTC) interval between men and women. In adult women, both QTC interval and arrhythmic risks in TdP alter cyclically during menstrual cycle, suggesting a critical role of female sex hormones in cardiac repolarization process. These gender differences in fundamental cardiac electrophysiology result from variable ion channel expression and diverse sex hormonal regulation via long term genomic and acute non-genomic actions, and sex differences in drug responses and metabolisms. In particular, non-genomic actions of testosterone and progesterone on cardiac ion channels are likely to contribute to the gender differences in cardiac repolarization processes. This review summarizes current knowledge on sex hormonal regulation of cardiac ion channels which contribute to cardiac repolarization processes and its implication for gender differences in drug-induced long QT syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kurokawa
- Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masami Kodama
- Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Colleen E Clancy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tetsushi Furukawa
- Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka H, Takahashi Y, Hamaguchi S, Iida-Tanaka N, Oka T, Nishio M, Ohtsuki A, Namekata I. Effect of Terfenadine and Pentamidine on the hERG Channel and Its Intracellular Trafficking: Combined Analysis with Automated Voltage Clamp and Confocal Microscopy. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1826-30. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yukiko Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Shogo Hamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | - Takayuki Oka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masato Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Atsushi Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Iyuki Namekata
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Abstract
Although cardiac arrhythmia had long been considered a predominantly male syndrome, it is now clear that arrhythmia is also a primary cause of mortality in women. Notably, the manifestation of specific arrhythmia syndromes appears to be gender specific. In particular, female sex is an independent risk factor for development of torsade de pointes (TdP) arrhythmias not only in congenital long QT syndromes but also in acquired long QT syndromes which occur as adverse effects of existing drugs. Males, on the other hand, are more likely to develop Brugada syndrome. Recent clinical and experimental studies suggest that these differences may stem from intrinsic sex differences in cardiac tissue. These include fundamental electrical differences resulting from variable ion channel expression and diverse sex hormonal regulation via long-term genomic and acute nongenomic pathways, and sex differences in drug responses and metabolisms. Undoubtedly, determining the effect of gender on cardiac function will be difficult and require sophisticated methodologies. However, gender differences underlying predilection to distinct arrhythmia syndromes must be revealed so that new therapeutic strategies that take gender into account can be applied to at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kurokawa
- Department of Bio-Informational Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hashimoto K. Emerging antiarrhythmic agents: a personal view from the Far East. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011; 16:23-9. [PMID: 21352067 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2011.521151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arrhythmia treatments today take three different approaches. One uses electronic devices, such as electronic pacemakers or defibrillators, and this is regarded as life-saving in cases of bradyarrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. Another is the ablation technique which eliminates abnormal pacemakers and/or conductive pathways by applying thermal or cryo-injury to pathological portions of the heart. The most classical one is the antiarrhythmic drugs, but are they effective and safe? AREAS COVERED Recent development of the understanding of arrhythmias, cardiac ionic channels and antiarrhythmic drugs covered by papers mostly published after 2000 are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The market size of the antiarrhythmic drugs is small, but various multichannel acting drugs may become candidates as antiarrhythmic drugs. As the cardiac ionic channels have become recognized as proteins, the molecular target for antiarrhythmic drugs has become apparent, but at the same time accurate data on clinical effectiveness and safety are required for drug approval; thus, few atrium selective drugs, such as IKur, IKACh and IKAde blocking drugs and amiodarone-like multichannel acting drugs are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Hashimoto
- Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan.
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QSAR studies on a number of pyrrolidin-2-one antiarrhythmic arylpiperazinyls. Med Chem Res 2011; 21:373-381. [PMID: 22308062 PMCID: PMC3265727 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The activity of a number of 1-[3-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]pyrrolidin-2-one antiarrhythmic (AA) agents was described using the quantitative structure–activity relationship model by applying it to 33 compounds. The molecular descriptors of the AA activity were obtained by quantum chemical calculations combined with molecular modeling calculations. The resulting model explains up to 91% of the variance and it was successfully validated by four tests (LOO, LMO, external test, and Y-scrambling test). Statistical analysis shows that the AA activity of the studied compounds depends mainly on the PCR and JGI4 descriptors.
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Rokutan H, Anker SD, Springer J. In vivomodels of cardiac diseases: application to drug development and screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 5:65-78. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903460299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kurokawa J, Suzuki T, Furukawa T. New Aspects for the Treatment of Cardiac Diseases Based on the Diversity of Functional Controls on Cardiac Muscles: Acute Effects of Female Hormones on Cardiac Ion Channels and Cardiac Repolarization. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:334-40. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08r23fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Model systems for the discovery and development of antiarrhythmic drugs. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 98:328-39. [PMID: 19038282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and about 25% of cardiovascular deaths are due to disturbances in cardiac rhythm or "arrhythmias". Arrhythmias were traditionally treated with antiarrhythmic drugs, but increasing awareness of the risks of presently available antiarrhythmic agents has greatly limited their usefulness. Most common treatment algorithms still involve small molecule drugs, and antiarrhythmic agents with improved efficacy and safety are sorely needed. This paper reviews the model systems that are available for discovery and development of new antiarrhythmic drugs. We begin with a presentation of screening methods used to identify specific channel-interacting agents, with a particular emphasis on high-throughput screens. Traditional manual electrophysiological methods, automated electrophysiology, fluorescent dye methods, flux assays and radioligand binding assays are reviewed. We then discuss a variety of relevant arrhythmia models. Two models are widely used in testing for arrhythmogenic actions related to excess action potential prolongation, an important potential adverse effect of chemical entities affecting cardiac rhythm: the methoxamine-sensitized rabbit and the dog with chronic atrioventricular block. We then go on to review models used to assess potential antiarrhythmic actions. For ventricular arrhythmias, chemical induction methods, cardiac or neural electrical stimulation, ischaemic heart models and models of cardiac channelopathies can be used to identify effective antiarrhythmic agents. For atrial arrhythmias, potentially useful models include vagally-maintained atrial fibrillation, acute asphyxia with atrial burst-pacing, sterile pericarditis, Y-shaped atria surgical incisions, chronic atrial dilation models, atrial electrical remodelling due to sustained atrial tachycardia, heart failure-related atrial remodelling, and acute atrial ischaemia. It is hoped that the new technologies now available and the recently-developed models for arrhythmia-response assessment will permit the introduction of newer and more effective antiarrhythmic therapies in the near future.
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Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:606-22. [PMID: 18500382 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Stimulants that increase alertness/reduce fatigue or activate the cardiovascular system can include drugs like ephedrine available in many over-the-counter medicines. Others such as amphetamines, cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs, available on prescription or illegally, can modify mood. A total of 62 stimulants (61 chemical entities) are listed in the WADA List, prohibited in competition. Athletes may have stimulants in their body for one of three main reasons: inadvertent consumption in a propriety medicine; deliberate consumption for misuse as a recreational drug and deliberate consumption to enhance performance. The majority of stimulants on the list act on the monoaminergic systems: adrenergic (sympathetic, transmitter noradrenaline), dopaminergic (transmitter dopamine) and serotonergic (transmitter serotonin, 5-HT). Sympathomimetic describes agents, which mimic sympathetic responses, and dopaminomimetic and serotoninomimetic can be used to describe actions on the dopamine and serotonin systems. However, many agents act to mimic more than one of these monoamines, so that a collective term of monoaminomimetic may be useful. Monoaminomimietic actions of stimulants can include blockade of re-uptake of neurotransmitter, indirect release of neurotransmitter, direct activation of monoaminergic receptors. Many of the stimulants are amphetamines or amphetamine derivatives, including agents with abuse potential as recreational drugs. A number of agents are metabolized to amphetamine or metamphetamine. In addition to the monoaminomimetic agents, a small number of agents with different modes of action are on the list. A number of commonly used stimulants are not considered as Prohibited Substances.
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Hashimoto K. Torsades de pointes liability inter-model comparisons: the experience of the QT PRODACT initiative. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:195-8. [PMID: 18486227 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Safety pharmacologists from the Japanese pharmaceutical industries and contract laboratories made a database to evaluate drug effects on the QT interval in 2005. This QT PRODACT project was a prospective study of 12 QT-prolonging (positive) drugs and 10 non-prolonging (negative) drugs to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of several in vivo and in vitro animal models: in vitro guinea pig papillary muscle action potential recordings and in vivo ECG recordings in unanesthetized or anesthetized beagle dogs, cynomolgus monkeys and miniature pigs. In guinea pig papillary muscle action potential recordings, positive drugs showed lengthening of the action potential duration (APD). By using a new measure to detect triangulation of the action potential configuration, an IKr blocking activity of drugs with Ca channel blocking action was detected. All in vivo studies showed a QT-prolonging effect of greater than 10% for the positive drugs. These in vivo models were useful to distinguish positive from negative drugs. The QT PRODACT project showed reliability and sensitivity of the experiments to detect positive drugs. The proarrhythmic effects of these positive drugs could not be detected even though, in some animal models (e.g., unanesthetized monkey), torsades de pointes (TdP)-type arrhythmias were shown by terfenadine. We compared in vivo arrhythmia models for proarrhythmia. The halothane-anesthetized open chest coronary occlusion-reperfusion canine model, the halothane-adrenaline arrhythmia model and the chronic AV block dog models seemed to be useful to detect the arrhythmogenic potential of QT-prolonging drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Hashimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066 Japan.
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