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Liu YQ, Wang ZW, Hu CY. Progress in research on the safety of silicone rubber products in food processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2887-2909. [PMID: 37183940 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubber (SR) is widely used in the food processing industry due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. However, due to the differences in SR product production formulas and processes, the quality of commercially available SR products varies greatly, with chemical and biological hazard potentials. Residual chemicals in SR, such as siloxane oligomers and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, are non-intentionally added substances, which may migrate into food during processing so the safe use of SR must be guaranteed. Simultaneously, SR in contact with food is susceptible to pathogenic bacteria growing and biofilm formation, like Cronobacter sakazakii, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, posing a food safety risk. Under severe usage scenarios such as high-temperature, high-pressure, microwave, and freezing environments with long-term use, SR products are more prone to aging, and their degradation products may pose potential food safety hazards. Based on the goal of ensuring food quality and safety to the greatest extent possible, this review suggests that enterprises need to prepare high-quality food-contact SR products by optimizing the manufacturing formula and production process, and developing products with antibacterial and antiaging properties. The government departments should establish quality standards for food-contact SR products and conduct effective supervision. Besides, the reusable SR products should be cleaned by consumers immediately after use, and the deteriorated products should be replaced as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Zhang X, Ren X, Chingin K. Applications of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry in food analysis: A review. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9013. [PMID: 33277776 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct analysis in real time (DART) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) detection has become one of the most broadly used analytical approaches for the direct molecular characterization of food samples with regard to their chemical quality, safety, origin, and authentication. The major advantages of DART-MS for food analysis include high chemical sensitivity and specificity, high speed and throughput of analysis, simplicity, and the obviation of tedious sample preparation and solvents. METHODS The recent applications of DART coupled with different mass analyzers, including quadrupole, ion trap, Orbitrap, and time of flight, are discussed. In addition, sample pretreatment methods that have been coupled with DART-MS are discussed. RESULTS We summarize the applications of DART-MS in food science and industry published in the period from 2005 to this date. The applications and analytical characteristics are systematically categorized across the three major types of foods: solid foods, liquid foods, and viscous foods. CONCLUSIONS DART-MS has proved its high suitability for the direct, rapid, and high-throughput molecular analysis of very different food samples with minimal or no sample preparation, thus offering a high-speed alternative to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) approaches that are traditionally employed in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
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Liu YQ, Wrona M, Su QZ, Vera P, Nerín C, Hu CY. Influence of cooking conditions on the migration of silicone oligomers from silicone rubber baking molds to food simulants. Food Chem 2021; 347:128964. [PMID: 33453582 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stability, surface micromorphology, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of silicone rubber baking molds (SRBMs) were tested while using the molds under severe conditions: baking at 175 °C, microwaving at 800 W, and freezing at -18 °C. Moreover, migration tests of SRBMs to food simulants (isooctane, 95% ethanol, and Tenax®) at 70 °C for 2 h (accelerated conditions) were performed. The initial total VOCs concentration was 2.53% higher than that recommended by BfR Recommendations on Food Contact Materials. Therefore, the SRBM samples were considered as badly tempered materials, and 18 different types of silicone oligomers were identified during the migration tests. The following percentage of silicone oligomers with a molecular weight lower than 1000 Da in isooctane, 95% ethanol, and Tenax® were detected: 70.7%, 91.8%, and 97.2%, respectively. It has been proven that previous baking treatments effectively reduced the content of silicone oligomers migrating from SRBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou City 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Magdalena Wrona
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou City 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Gross JH. Saccharose cluster ions as mass calibrants in positive-ion direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:324-331. [PMID: 32921168 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720958535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In positive-ion direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS), mono-, di, and trisaccharides form [M+NH4]+ ions. Some of them, in addition, yield abundant [Mn+NH4]+ cluster ions (n = 1-6)), and thus, can serve for mass calibration. Saccharose, C12H22O11, the most common sugar, also termed sucrose, is among the [Mn+NH4]+ cluster ion forming species. Saccharose may therefore be employed as a cheap and ubiquitous mass calibration standard. The extent of saccharose cluster ion formation depends on the temperature of the DART gas, sample load, and instrumental parameters like trapping conditions of ions prior to mass analysis. This study identifies optimized experimental conditions and demonstrates the application of saccharose cluster ion-based mass calibration for accurate mass measurements in DART mode on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Yin C, Fu J, Lu X. Characterization of polyethermethylsiloxanes using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bee MY, Jastrzembski JA, Sacks GL. Parallel Headspace Extraction onto Etched Sorbent Sheets Prior to Ambient-Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Automated, Trace-Level Volatile Analyses. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13806-13813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Y. Bee
- Cornell University, Department of Food Science, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jillian A. Jastrzembski
- Cornell University, Department of Food Science, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gavin L. Sacks
- Cornell University, Department of Food Science, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Ambient Desorption/Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Li H, Hitchins VM, Wickramasekara S. Rapid detection of bacterial endotoxins in ophthalmic viscosurgical device materials by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:98-105. [PMID: 27769383 PMCID: PMC5500980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when bacteria rupture or disintegrate. Possible contamination of endotoxin in ophthalmic devices can cause a painful eye inflammation or result in toxic anterior segment syndrome after cataract surgery. Measurement of bacterial endotoxin in medical device materials is difficult since endotoxin binds with polymer matrix and some of the materials are very viscous and non-water soluble, where traditional enzyme-based Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay cannot be applied. Here we propose a rapid and high throughput ambient ionization mass spectrometric (MS) method using direct analysis in real time (DART) for the evaluation of endotoxin contamination in medical device materials. Large and structurally complex endotoxin instantaneously breaks down into low-mass characteristic fragment ions using DART and is detected by MS in both positive and negative ion modes. This method enables the identification and separation of endotoxin from medical materials with a detection limit of 0.03 ng mL-1 endotoxins in aqueous solution. Ophthalmic viscosurgical device materials including sodium hyaluronate (NaHA), non-water soluble perfluoro-n-octane (PFO) and silicone oil (SO) were spiked with different known concentrations of endotoxin and analyzed by DART MS, where the presence of endotoxin was successfully detected and featured small mass fragment ions were generated for NaHA, PFO and SO as well. Current findings showed the feasibility of measuring endotoxin contamination in medical device materials using DART-MS, which can lead to a one-step analysis of endotoxins in different matrices, avoiding any potential contamination during sample pre-treatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Victoria M Hitchins
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States.
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Gross JH. Reply to the Comment on: "Analysis of Silicones Released from Household Items and Baby Articles by Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry" by Jürgen H. Gross. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 26, 511-521 (2015). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1433-1434. [PMID: 26932817 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Jakob A, Crawford EA, Gross JH. Detection of polydimethylsiloxanes transferred from silicone-coated parchment paper to baked goods using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:298-304. [PMID: 27041660 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-stick properties of parchment papers are achieved by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings. During baking, PDMS can thus be extracted from the silicone-coated parchment into the baked goods. Positive-ion direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry (MS) is highly efficient for the analysis of PDMS. A DART-SVP source was coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer to detect PDMS on the contact surface of baked goods after use of silicone-coated parchment papers. DART spectra from the bottom surface of baked cookies and pizzas exhibited signals because of PDMS ions of the general formula [(C2H6SiO)n + NH4 ](+) in the m/z 800-1900 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jakob
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Crawford
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Gross JH. Letter: High-mass capabilities of positive-ion and negative-ion direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2016; 22:43-48. [PMID: 26863075 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (C(+)) tricyanomethide (A(-)) high-mass cluster ions of both positive ([C(n)A(n-1)](+)) and negative ([C(n-1)A(n)](-)) charge were generated and detected by direct analysis in real time (DART) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS). After optimization of the settings of the DART ionization source and of the mass analyzer ions of m/z values unprecedented in DART-MS were detected. Thus, the upper m/z limits of positive-ion and negative-ion DART- MS were substantially expanded. Negative-ion DART-MS delivered cluster ions up to [C(15)A(16)](-), m/z 3527 (nominal mass of monoisotopic ion), while positive-ion DART-MS even yielded ions up to [C(30)A(29)](+), m/z 6784. The identification of the cluster ions is supported by their accurate mass and exact mass differences corresponding to CA between adjacent cluster ion peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg Germany.
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