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Mongane J, Hendwa E, Sengeyi D, Kajibwami E, Kampara F, Chentwali S, Kalegamire C, Barhishindi I, Kujirakwinja Y, Maningo JB, Kasago B, Mulinganya G. Association between bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal factor infertility in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:480. [PMID: 38730346 PMCID: PMC11083818 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubal factor infertility (TFI) is common in sub-Saharan Africa and often secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Anaerobes associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) are also found in PIDs widely dominated by Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), whose role in TFI is better demonstrated than that of BV. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of BV and C. trachomatis and to investigate the association between BV, C. trachomatis and TFI. METHODS We included 137 patients treated for infertility between January 2020 and November 2021. Cases were defined as women with infertility aged 18-45 years presenting with TFI (n = 52), and controls as infertile women in the same age groups without TFI (n = 85). Data on social habits, life style and infertility parameters were collected, and we performed screening for BV and C. trachomatis. Multiple regression was used to measure associations. RESULTS The prevalence of BV and C. trachomatis was 42.3% (58/137) and 23.4% (32/137), respectively. BV (61.5% vs 30.6%, p<0.001) and C. trachomatis (48.1 vs 8.2%, p<0.001) were more frequent in cases of TFI. BV and C. trachomatis increased the risk of TFI approximately 4-fold [aOR: 3.77 (1.61-8.83), p=0.002] and 14-fold [aOR: 13.77 (4.59-41.27), p<0.001], respectively. CONCLUSION BV and C. trachomatis infection are strongly associated with TFI in Bukavu. Prevention and screening should be implemented to reduce the risk of TFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Mongane
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Erick Hendwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dieudonné Sengeyi
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Etienne Kajibwami
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Freddy Kampara
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Serge Chentwali
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Claude Kalegamire
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Isaac Barhishindi
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Yvette Kujirakwinja
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jeanne Beija Maningo
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benjamin Kasago
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Guy Mulinganya
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Bracewell-Milnes T, Saso S, Nikolaou D, Norman-Taylor J, Johnson M, Thum MY. Investigating the effect of an abnormal cervico-vaginal and endometrial microbiome on assisted reproductive technologies: A systematic review. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13037. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Bracewell-Milnes
- Division of Surgery and Cancer; Institute of Developmental Reproductive & Developmental Biology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Srdjan Saso
- Division of Surgery and Cancer; Institute of Reproductive & Developmental Biology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Dimitrios Nikolaou
- Assisted Conception Unit; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus; London UK
| | | | - Mark Johnson
- Division of Surgery and Cancer; Institute of Developmental Reproductive & Developmental Biology; Imperial College London; London UK
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Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common disorder of the genital tract in women characterized by an alteration of the normal acidic lactobacilli-predominant vaginal ecosystem to a vaginal environment dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasma species and anaerobes, with an increase in pH. The present study evaluated whether BV is associated with reproductive complications in women. BV was screened with a Gram stain of vaginal smear and interpretation was done using the Nugent score. Wet mount and polymerase chain reaction were used to screen other infections. Among 510 enrolled women, 72 (14.1%) had BV. Statistical analysis between the BV negative and positive population revealed a significant association (P = 0.0001) with infertility. In pregnant women, the infection rate was low (P = 0.01). Multiple infections such as Candida, Chlamydia and human papilloma virus were observed in 4.2%, 15.3% and 8.3% of BV-infected women, respectively. Results suggest that BV infection is associated with infertility and its absence leads to pregnancy, emphasizing its screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mania-Pramanik
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), JM Street, Mumbai, India.
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