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Mensah KB, Mensah ABB. Cancer control in Ghana: A narrative review in global context. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04564. [PMID: 32775744 PMCID: PMC7404540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, cancer is likely to be ranked as the leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases in the 21st century. In Ghana, estimates suggest that the disease is expected to increase continuously. The best way to address the increasing burden is through a comprehensive cancer control program. This paper presents an appraisal of the literature, reports and, studies that seek to highlight strategies for cancer control globally and in Ghana. In consideration of literature, a search of relevant databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google, International organizations web pages, International reports, Ministry of Health of Ghana reports, and textbooks) was performed. A narrative review of the background information on this subject is provided to inform future research on cancer control. This review was conducted as part of a study to involve community pharmacists in cancer detection and prevention in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Boamah Mensah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, College of Health Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Westville Campus, University Road, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adwoa Bemah Boamah Mensah
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana
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Magnani CJ, Li K, Seto T, McDonald KM, Blayney DW, Brooks JD, Hernandez-Boussard T. PSA Testing Use and Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Stage After the 2012 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Guideline Changes. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2019; 17:795-803. [PMID: 31319390 PMCID: PMC7195904 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2018.7274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with prostate cancer are diagnosed with low-grade, localized disease and may not require definitive treatment. In 2012, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against prostate cancer screening to address overdetection and overtreatment. This study sought to determine the effect of guideline changes on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and initial diagnostic stage for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A difference-in-differences analysis was conducted to compare changes in PSA screening (exposure) relative to cholesterol testing (control) after the 2012 USPSTF guideline changes, and chi-square test was used to determine whether there was a subsequent decrease in early-stage, low-risk prostate cancer diagnoses. Data were derived from a tertiary academic medical center's electronic health records, a national commercial insurance database (OptumLabs), and the SEER database for men aged ≥35 years before (2008-2011) and after (2013-2016) the guideline changes. RESULTS In both the academic center and insurance databases, PSA testing significantly decreased for all men compared with the control. The greatest decrease was among men aged 55 to 74 years at the academic center and among those aged ≥75 years in the commercial database. The proportion of early-stage prostate cancer diagnoses ( CONCLUSIONS In primary care, PSA testing decreased significantly and fewer prostate cancers were diagnosed at an early stage, suggesting provider adherence to the 2012 USPSTF guideline changes. Long-term follow-up is needed to understand the effect of decreased screening on prostate cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Li
- School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Tina Seto
- Stanford University School of Medicine IRT Research Technology
| | | | - Douglas W. Blayney
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University
| | | | - Tina Hernandez-Boussard
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University
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Zappa M, Puliti D, Hugosson J, Schröder FH, van Leeuwen PJ, Kranse R, Auvinen A, Carlsson S, Kwiatkowski M, Nelen V, Paez Borda A, Roobol MJ, Villers A. A different method of evaluation of the ERSPC trial confirms that prostate-specific antigen testing has a significant impact on prostate cancer mortality. Eur Urol 2014; 66:401-3. [PMID: 24412230 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and disadvantages of two different methods of analyzing the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) trial with respect to the effect of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening on prostate cancer (PCa) mortality (ie, disease-specific mortality analysis and excess mortality analysis) are discussed in depth. The traditional disease-specific mortality is the best end point, but it could be biased by misclassification of causes of death, and it does not take into account the possible effect of the screening process on other causes of death. Excess mortality analysis overcomes these problems, but the results could be biased if the expected mortality is not corrected for attendance status. Both methods, when applied to the ERSPC trials, demonstrate that no increase in non-PCa mortality occurred in the screening group and confirm that PSA screening decreases PCa mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zappa
- Clinical and Descriptive Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy.
| | - Donella Puliti
- Clinical and Descriptive Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonas Hugosson
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ries Kranse
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Comprehensive Cancer Centre The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sigrid Carlsson
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maciej Kwiatkowski
- Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland; Department of Urology, Academic Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vera Nelen
- Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiëne, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alvaro Paez Borda
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Arnauld Villers
- Department of Urology, CHU Lille, University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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