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Donker E, Brinkman D, Richir M, Papaioannidou P, Likic R, Sanz EJ, Christiaens T, Costa J, De Ponti F, Gatti M, Böttiger Y, Kramers C, Garner S, Pandit R, van Agtmael M, Tichelaar J. European List of Essential Medicines for Medical Education: a protocol for a modified Delphi study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045635. [PMID: 33947736 PMCID: PMC8098946 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Junior doctors are responsible for a substantial number of prescribing errors, and final-year medical students lack sufficient prescribing knowledge and skills just before they graduate. Various national and international projects have been initiated to reform the teaching of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CP&T) during undergraduate medical training. However, there is as yet no list of commonly prescribed and available medicines that European doctors should be able to independently prescribe safely and effectively without direct supervision. Such a list could form the basis for a European Prescribing Exam and would harmonise European CP&T education. Therefore, the aim of this study is to reach consensus on a list of widely prescribed medicines, available in most European countries, that European junior doctors should be able to independently prescribe safely and effectively without direct supervision: the European List of Essential Medicines for Medical Education. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This modified Delphi study will recruit European CP&T teachers (expert group). Two Delphi rounds will be carried out to enable a list to be drawn up of medicines that are available in ≥80% of European countries, which are considered standard prescribing practice, and which junior doctors should be able to prescribe safely and effectively without supervision. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of VU University Medical Center (no. 2020.335) and by the Ethical Review Board of the Netherlands Association for Medical Education (approved project no. NVMO-ERB 2020.4.8). The European List of Essential Medicines for Medical Education will be presented at national and international conferences and will be submitted to international peer-reviewed journals. It will also be used to develop and implement the European Prescribing Exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Donker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan Richir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paraskevi Papaioannidou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert Likic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emilio J Sanz
- School of Health Science, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - João Costa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ylva Böttiger
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Garner
- Health Technologies and Pharmaceuticals Programme, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rahul Pandit
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Agtmael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Green B. Use of the Hippocratic or other professional oaths in UK medical schools in 2017: practice, perception of benefit and principlism. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:777. [PMID: 29284529 PMCID: PMC5747024 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This paper concerns the continued use of the Hippocratic Oath in United Kingdom (UK) medical schools. A survey of all UK medical schools looked at which schools use the Oath, which variants they use, and what they perceive to be the benefits of using the Oath. 27 schools participated in the study. Results Although some authors have deemed the Oath as out of date for the purposes of modern medicine [1], new variants of the Oath have been embraced and 19/27 (70%) of schools use an Oath, with some Universities asking student doctors to acknowledge this Oath on entry to and graduation from medical school. There is a renewed interest in use of the Oath, with use in some Schools on admission and graduation. Reasons for adopting the Oath include a desire to enhance good practice and to prevent unwanted behaviour. Variants of the Oath used were analysed according to which bioethical principles are contained within them and some do not accord with all principles. A new variant of the Oath is proposed which encompasses all four bioethical principles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-3114-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Green
- Institute of Medicine, University Centre Shrewsbury, Guildhall, Shrewsbury, SY3 8HQ, UK. .,The Medical School, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, CH1 4BJ, UK.
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Dargan PI, Bishop CR, Chahal CAA, Jones AL, Wood DM. Can medical students identify recreational drugs by name? QJM 2008; 101:979-82. [PMID: 18786980 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcn110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recreational drug toxicity is a common reason for presentation to the Emergency Department. Knowledge of recreational drug names is important to allow targeted assessment of patients presenting with recreational drug toxicity. AIMS To assess final year medical student knowledge of proper and street names for recreational drugs. DESIGN Questionnaire survey of final year medical students attending a revision lecture. METHODS There were two questionnaires used in this study. The first contained either proper names of recreational drugs or names sounding similar to recreational drugs or licensed pharmaceutical products; students were asked to identify which of these were recreational drugs. The second contained street names of recreational drugs and the students were asked to identify which recreational drug the street name referred to. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-five students completed the questionnaire 1. The mean total score (+/-SD) of correct answers was 7.15 +/- 2.26 (range 2-13) out of a maximum of 15. One hundred and fifteen students completed questionnaire 2. The mean total score (+/-SD) of correctly identified street names was 11.0 +/- 2.6 (range 0-17) out of a maximum of 24. No individual student was able to correctly identify all the street names for the recreational drugs listed in the survey. CONCLUSION We have shown that final year medical students have variable knowledge of both the proper and street names of recreational drugs. There is a need for improved education of medical students in the names of recreational drugs and the sources of information available to assist them in identifying what drugs an individual has taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Dargan
- Guy's and St Thomas' Poisons Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Avonley Road, London, SE14 5ER, UK
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