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Ellingson BM, Bendszus M, Boxerman J, Barboriak D, Erickson BJ, Smits M, Nelson SJ, Gerstner E, Alexander B, Goldmacher G, Wick W, Vogelbaum M, Weller M, Galanis E, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Shankar L, Jacobs P, Pope WB, Yang D, Chung C, Knopp MV, Cha S, van den Bent MJ, Chang S, Yung WKA, Cloughesy TF, Wen PY, Gilbert MR. Consensus recommendations for a standardized Brain Tumor Imaging Protocol in clinical trials. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1188-98. [PMID: 26250565 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent joint meeting was held on January 30, 2014, with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Cancer Institute (NCI), clinical scientists, imaging experts, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, clinical trials cooperative groups, and patient advocate groups to discuss imaging endpoints for clinical trials in glioblastoma. This workshop developed a set of priorities and action items including the creation of a standardized MRI protocol for multicenter studies. The current document outlines consensus recommendations for a standardized Brain Tumor Imaging Protocol (BTIP), along with the scientific and practical justifications for these recommendations, resulting from a series of discussions between various experts involved in aspects of neuro-oncology neuroimaging for clinical trials. The minimum recommended sequences include: (i) parameter-matched precontrast and postcontrast inversion recovery-prepared, isotropic 3D T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo; (ii) axial 2D T2-weighted turbo spin-echo acquired after contrast injection and before postcontrast 3D T1-weighted images to control timing of images after contrast administration; (iii) precontrast, axial 2D T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; and (iv) precontrast, axial 2D, 3-directional diffusion-weighted images. Recommended ranges of sequence parameters are provided for both 1.5 T and 3 T MR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Ellingson
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Martin Bendszus
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Jerrold Boxerman
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Daniel Barboriak
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Bradley J Erickson
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Marion Smits
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Sarah J Nelson
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Elizabeth Gerstner
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Brian Alexander
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Gregory Goldmacher
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Michael Vogelbaum
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Michael Weller
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Lalitha Shankar
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Paula Jacobs
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Whitney B Pope
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Dewen Yang
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Caroline Chung
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Michael V Knopp
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Soonme Cha
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Susan Chang
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - W K Al Yung
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program and UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., T.F.C.); Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (B.M.E., W.B.P.); Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (M.B.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warrne Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.B.); Department of Neuroradiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (D.B.); Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (B.J.E.); Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.S.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California (S.J.N., S.C.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G.); Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.A., P.Y.W.); Medical and Scientific Affairs, ICON Medical Imaging, Warrington, Pennsylvania (G.G., D.Y.); Department of Neurooncology, National Center of Tumor Disease, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.W.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (M.V.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.W.); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (E.G.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.K.-C.); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland (L.S., P.J.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret
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