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Vrachliotis A, Kastis GA, Protonotarios NE, Fokas AS, Nekolla SG, Anagnostopoulos CD, Costaridou L, Gaitanis A. Evaluation of the spline reconstruction technique for preclinical PET imaging. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 217:106668. [PMID: 35176596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The Spline Reconstruction Technique (SRT) is a fast algorithm based on a novel numerical implementation of an analytic representation of the inverse Radon transform. The purpose of this study is to provide a comparison between SRT, Filtered Back-Projection (FBP), Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization 2D (2D-OSEM), and the Tera-Tomo 3D algorithm, using phantom data at various acquisition durations as well as small-animal data obtained from the Mediso nanoScan® PET/CT scanner. METHODS For this purpose, the "NEMA NU 4-2008 standards" protocol was employed at five different realizations and acquisition durations. In addition to the image quality metrics described by the NEMA protocol, Cold Region Contrast was also considered as a figure-of-merit. Furthermore, Cold Region Contrast was measured in the myocardial infarction region of six male Wistar rats. The volumetric defect quantification was assessed with dedicated computer software. Lastly, plots of Recovery Coefficient and Spill-Over Ratio as a function of the Percentage Standard Deviation were generated, after smoothing the phantom reconstructions with four different Gaussian filters. Statistical significance was determined by employing the Kruskal-Wallis test or One-way Analysis of Variance depending on the normality of the variable's distribution. RESULTS The present study revealed that, at the expense of slightly increased noise in the reconstructed images, SRT resulted in higher Recovery Coefficient values for small hot regions of interest, when compared with FBP and 2D-OSEM at all acquisition durations. Furthermore, SRT reconstructed images exhibit higher Recovery Coefficient values, for all hot regions of interest, when compared to the other 2D algorithms at short acquisition durations. In both phantom and animal studies, SRT achieved a significant improvement over 2D-OSEM for the Spill-Over Ratio and the Cold Region Contrast. These advantages were maintained even after comparing the algorithms at equal noise levels. The Tera-Tomo 3D algorithm (4 subsets, iterations≥ 13) performed significantly better compared to the other algorithms for all figures-of-merit. No statistically significant differences regarding the myocardial defect size were observed between the algorithms investigated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, SRT appears that could be useful for the quantification of small hot regions of interest, cold regions of interest, as well as in low-count imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Vrachliotis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece; Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George A Kastis
- Mathematics Research Center, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas E Protonotarios
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30WA, United Kingdom
| | - Athanasios S Fokas
- Mathematics Research Center, Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB30WA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan G Nekolla
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nuclear Medicine and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Technical University Munich, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Constantinos D Anagnostopoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Lena Costaridou
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Anastasios Gaitanis
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens 11527, Greece.
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Wadhwa P, Thielemans K, Efthimiou N, Wangerin K, Keat N, Emond E, Deller T, Bertolli O, Deidda D, Delso G, Tohme M, Jansen F, Gunn RN, Hallett W, Tsoumpas C. PET image reconstruction using physical and mathematical modelling for time of flight PET-MR scanners in the STIR library. Methods 2020; 185:110-119. [PMID: 32006678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates how computational and physical modelling of the positron emission tomography (PET) image acquisition process for a state-of-the-art integrated PET and magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MR) system can produce images comparable to the manufacturer. The GE SIGNA PET/MR scanner is manufactured by General Electric and has time-of-flight (TOF) capabilities of about 390 ps. All software development took place in the Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction (STIR: http://stir.sf.net) library, which is a widely used open source software to reconstruct data as exported from emission tomography scanners. The new software developments will be integrated into STIR, providing the opportunity for researchers worldwide to establish and expand their image reconstruction methods. Furthermore, this work is of particular significance as it provides the first validation of TOF PET image reconstruction for real scanner datasets using the STIR library. This paper presents the methodology, analysis, and critical issues encountered in implementing an independent reconstruction software package. Acquired PET data were processed via several appropriate algorithms which are necessary to produce an accurate and precise quantitative image. This included mathematical, physical and anatomical modelling of the patient and simulation of various aspects of the acquisition. These included modelling of random coincidences using 'singles' rates per crystals, detector efficiencies and geometric effects. Attenuation effects were calculated by using the STIR's attenuation correction model. Modelling all these effects within the system matrix allowed the reconstruction of PET images which demonstrates the metabolic uptake of the administered radiopharmaceutical. These implementations were validated using measured phantom and clinical datasets. The developments are tested using the ordered subset expectation maximisation (OSEM) and the more recently proposed kernelised expectation maximisation (KEM) algorithm which incorporates anatomical information from MR images into PET reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Wadhwa
- Biomedical Imaging Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK; Invicro, London, UK.
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Nikos Efthimiou
- PET Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK
| | | | | | - Elise Emond
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Deidda
- Biomedical Imaging Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK; National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Biomedical Imaging Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK; Invicro, London, UK.
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Orteca G, Sinnes JP, Rubagotti S, Iori M, Capponi PC, Piel M, Rösch F, Ferrari E, Asti M. Gallium-68 and scandium-44 labelled radiotracers based on curcumin structure linked to bifunctional chelators: Synthesis and characterization of potential PET radiotracers. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110954. [PMID: 31838188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin metal complexes showed widespread applications in medicine and can be exploited as a lead structure for developing new tracers for nuclear medicine application. Herein, the synthesis, chemical characterization and radiolabelling with gallium-68 and scandium-44 of two new targeting vectors based on curcumin scaffolds and linked to the chelators 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA) and 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)-6-[bis(carboxymethyl)]amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepine (AAZTA) are reported. Synthesis of the precursors could be achieved with a 13% and 11% yield and radiolabelling generally afforded rapid incorporation under mild conditions (>95%). Stability in physiological media (~75% after 2 h in human blood for [68Ga]Ga-/[44Sc]Sc-AAZTA-PC21 and ~60% for [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-C21, respectively) are generally enhanced if compared to the previously radiolabelled analogues. MSn fragmentation experiments showed high stability of the AAZTA-PC21 structure mainly due to the pyrazole derivatization of the curcumin keto-enol moiety and a more feasible radiolabelling was noticed both with gallium-68 and scandium-44 mainly due to the AAZTA-chelator properties. [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-C21 showed the most favorable lipophilicity value (logD = 1.3). Due to these findings, both compounds appear to be promising candidates for the imaging of colorectal cancer, but further studies such as in vitro uptake and in vivo biodistribution experiments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Orteca
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Sinnes
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, D-55126 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Rubagotti
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Michele Iori
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Pier Cesare Capponi
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Markus Piel
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, D-55126 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, D-55126 Mainz, Germany
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Mattia Asti
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Mikhaylova E, Brooks J, Zuro D, Nouizi F, Kujawski M, Madabushi SS, Qi J, Zhang M, Chea J, Poku EK, Bowles N, Wong JYC, Shively JE, Yazaki PJ, Gulsen G, Cherry SR, Hui S. Prototype Small-Animal PET-CT Imaging System for Image-guided Radiation Therapy. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2019; 7:143207-143216. [PMID: 32435548 PMCID: PMC7239319 DOI: 10.1109/access.2019.2944683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is becoming essential for precision targeted radiation therapy, yet progress is hindered from a lack of integrated imaging and treatment systems. We report the development of a prototype positron emission tomography (PET) scanner integrated into a commercial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) based small animal irradiation system for molecular-image-guided, targeted external beam radiation therapy. The PET component consists of two rotating Hamamatsu time-of-flight PET modules positioned with a bore diameter of 101.6 mm and a radial field-of-view of 53.1 mm. The measured energy resolution after linearity correction at 511 KeV was 12.9% and the timing resolution was 283.6 ps. The measured spatial resolutions at the field-of-view center and 5 mm off the radial center were 2.6 mm × 2.6 mm × 1.6 mm and 2.6 mm × 2.6 mm × 2.7 mm respectively. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-based PET imaging of a NEMA NU 4-2008 phantom resolved cylindrical volumes with diameters as small as 3 mm. To validate the system in-vivo, we performed 64Cu-DOTA-M5A PET and computed tomography (CT) imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-positive colorectal cancer in athymic nude mice and compared the results with a commercially available Siemens Inveon PET/CT system. The prototype PET system performed comparably to the Siemens system for identifying the location, size, and shape of tumors. Regions of heterogeneous 64Cu-DOTA-M5A uptake were observed. Using 64Cu-DOTA-M5A PET and CT images, a Monte Carlo-based radiation treatment plan was created to escalate the dose to the 64Cu-DOTA-M5A-based, highly active, biological target volume while largely sparing the normal tissue. Results demonstrate the feasibility of molecular-image-guided treatment plans using the prototype theranostic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Mikhaylova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jamison Brooks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN
| | - Darren Zuro
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, MN
| | - Farouk Nouizi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | - Jinyi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mengxi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Junie Chea
- Radiopharmacy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | - John E. Shively
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Paul J Yazaki
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Gultekin Gulsen
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Simon R. Cherry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Susanta Hui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Nguyen NC, Vercher-Conejero J, Faulhaber P. Tumor volume delineation: A pilot study comparing a digital positron-emission tomography prototype with an analog positron-emission tomography system. World J Nucl Med 2019; 18:45-51. [PMID: 30774546 PMCID: PMC6357708 DOI: 10.4103/wjnm.wjnm_22_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential differences of a digital positron-emission tomography (PET) prototype equipped with photon-counting detectors (D-PET, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) in tumor volume delineation compared with the analog Gemini TF PET system (A-PET, Philips). Eleven oncologic patients first underwent clinical fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) on A-PET. The D-PET ring was then inserted between the PET and CT scanner of A-PET and the patient was scanned for the second time. Two interpreters reviewed the two sets of PET/CT images for image quality and diagnostic confidence. FDG avid lesions were evaluated for volume measured at 35% and 50% of maximum standard uptake value (SUV) thresholds (35% SUV, 50% SUV), and for SUV gradient as a measure of lesion sharpness. Bland–Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the two PET scans. Qualitative lesion conspicuity, sharpness, and diagnostic confidence were greater at D-PET than that of A-PET with favorable inter-rater agreements. Median lesion size of the 24 measured lesions was 1.6 cm. The lesion volume at D-PET was smaller at both 35% SUV and 50% SUV thresholds compared with that of A-PET, with a mean difference of − 3680.0 mm3 at 35% SUV and − 835.3 mm3 at 50% SUV. SUV gradient was greater at D-PET than at A-PET by 49.2% (95% confidence interval: 34.1%–60.8%). Given the smaller volume definition, coupled with improved conspicuity and sharpness, digital PET may be more robust and accurate in tumor rendering compared with analog PET not only for radiotherapy planning but also in prognostication and systemic treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi C Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jose Vercher-Conejero
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter Faulhaber
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Giri MG, Cavedon C, Mazzarotto R, Ferdeghini M. A Dirichlet process mixture model for automatic (18)F-FDG PET image segmentation: Validation study on phantoms and on lung and esophageal lesions. Med Phys 2017; 43:2491. [PMID: 27147360 DOI: 10.1118/1.4947123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to implement a Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) model for automatic tumor edge identification on (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET) images by optimizing the parameters on which the algorithm depends, to validate it experimentally, and to test its robustness. METHODS The DPM model belongs to the class of the Bayesian nonparametric models and uses the Dirichlet process prior for flexible nonparametric mixture modeling, without any preliminary choice of the number of mixture components. The DPM algorithm implemented in the statistical software package R was used in this work. The contouring accuracy was evaluated on several image data sets: on an IEC phantom (spherical inserts with diameter in the range 10-37 mm) acquired by a Philips Gemini Big Bore PET-CT scanner, using 9 different target-to-background ratios (TBRs) from 2.5 to 70; on a digital phantom simulating spherical/uniform lesions and tumors, irregular in shape and activity; and on 20 clinical cases (10 lung and 10 esophageal cancer patients). The influence of the DPM parameters on contour generation was studied in two steps. In the first one, only the IEC spheres having diameters of 22 and 37 mm and a sphere of the digital phantom (41.6 mm diameter) were studied by varying the main parameters until the diameter of the spheres was obtained within 0.2% of the true value. In the second step, the results obtained for this training set were applied to the entire data set to determine DPM based volumes of all available lesions. These volumes were compared to those obtained by applying already known algorithms (Gaussian mixture model and gradient-based) and to true values, when available. RESULTS Only one parameter was found able to significantly influence segmentation accuracy (ANOVA test). This parameter was linearly connected to the uptake variance of the tested region of interest (ROI). In the first step of the study, a calibration curve was determined to automatically generate the optimal parameter from the variance of the ROI. This "calibration curve" was then applied to contour the whole data set. The accuracy (mean discrepancy between DPM model-based contours and reference contours) of volume estimation was below (1 ± 7)% on the whole data set (1 SD). The overlap between true and automatically segmented contours, measured by the Dice similarity coefficient, was 0.93 with a SD of 0.03. CONCLUSIONS The proposed DPM model was able to accurately reproduce known volumes of FDG concentration, with high overlap between segmented and true volumes. For all the analyzed inserts of the IEC phantom, the algorithm proved to be robust to variations in radius and in TBR. The main advantage of this algorithm was that no setting of DPM parameters was required in advance, since the proper setting of the only parameter that could significantly influence the segmentation results was automatically related to the uptake variance of the chosen ROI. Furthermore, the algorithm did not need any preliminary choice of the optimum number of classes to describe the ROIs within PET images and no assumption about the shape of the lesion and the uptake heterogeneity of the tracer was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giri
- Medical Physics Unit, University Hospital of Verona, P.le Stefani 1, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavedon
- Medical Physics Unit, University Hospital of Verona, P.le Stefani 1, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Renzo Mazzarotto
- Radiation Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Verona, P.le Stefani 1, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Marco Ferdeghini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Verona, P.le Stefani 1, Verona 37126, Italy
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Shao Y, Sun X, Lou K, Zhu XR, Mirkovic D, Poenisch F, Grosshans D. In-beam PET imaging for on-line adaptive proton therapy: an initial phantom study. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:3373-88. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/13/3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fortin D, Basran PS, Berrang T, Peterson D, Wai ES. Deformable versus rigid registration of PET/CT images for radiation treatment planning of head and neck and lung cancer patients: a retrospective dosimetric comparison. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:50. [PMID: 24512755 PMCID: PMC3924920 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical impact of using deformable registration in tumor volume definition between separately acquired PET/CT and planning CT images. Methods Ten lung and 10 head and neck cancer patients were retrospectively selected. PET/CT images were registered with planning CT scans using commercially available software. Radiation oncologists defined two sets of gross tumor volumes based on either rigidly or deformably registered PET/CT images, and properties of these volumes were then compared. Results The average displacement between rigid and deformable gross tumor volumes was 1.8 mm (0.7 mm) with a standard deviation of 1.0 mm (0.6 mm) for the head and neck (lung) cancer subjects. The Dice similarity coefficients ranged from 0.76-0.92 and 0.76-0.97 for the head and neck and lung subjects, respectively, indicating conformity. All gross tumor volumes received at least 95% of the prescribed dose to 99% of their volume. Differences in the mean radiation dose delivered to the gross tumor volumes were at most 2%. Differences in the fraction of the tumor volumes receiving 100% of the radiation dose were at most 5%. Conclusions The study revealed limitations in the commercial software used to perform deformable registration. Unless significant anatomical differences between PET/CT and planning CT images are present, deformable registration was shown to be of marginal value when delineating gross tumor volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Fortin
- Department of Medical Physics, BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Island Centre, 2410 Lee Avenue, V8R 6V5 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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Biomarkers for use in monitoring responses of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to ionizing radiation. SENSORS 2012; 12:8832-46. [PMID: 23012520 PMCID: PMC3444078 DOI: 10.3390/s120708832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck cancer. The incidence rate is higher in southern China and Southeast Asia in comparison with the Western countries. Radiotherapy is the standard treatment of NPC as the cancer cells are sensitive to ionizing radiation. Radiation treatment has good local control to patients with early NPC. It is essential to monitor the response of the NPC cells to radiation treatment in advance in order to select suitable treatment choice for the patients. This review aims to discuss the potential use of biomarkers in monitoring the responsiveness of NPC cells to radiation treatment.
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Green S. Particle therapy. Br J Radiol 2011; 84 Spec No 1:S1-3. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/33026369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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