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Wetherell J, Woolley K, Chadha R, Kostka J, Adilovic E, Nepal P. Idiopathic Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis in a Patient with Atypical Symptoms and Imaging Findings. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2021; 2021:6695806. [PMID: 33880193 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis is a rare condition caused by a fibrotic membrane covering the small bowel which may lead to abdominal pain or obstruction. The cause may be primary and idiopathic or secondary to several diseases, treatments, and/or medications. The condition typically presents with bowel obstruction, and only one previous case has described ascites as the presenting sign. Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis is typically diagnosed intraoperatively. We present a case of a patient who presented with atypical clinical symptoms including respiratory distress, recurrent abdominal ascites, and failure to thrive who was diagnosed nonoperatively.
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Abstract
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a life-threatening complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The overall prevalence of EPS in Japanese PD patients is 2.3%. Among patients on PD for less than 5 years, the rate is 0.9%; among patients on PD for 5 – 10 years, the rate is 3.8%; and among patients on PD for >10 years, it is 11.5%. Thus, the longer the treatment duration, the higher the prevalence of EPS. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis does not result solely from the natural progression of peritoneal sclerosis. A “second hit” event, such as bacterial peritonitis, abdominal bleeding, or abdominal surgery may be needed to trigger the onset of EPS in the face of advanced peritoneal sclerosis. To prevent development of EPS, PD treatment is replaced by other treatments when patients reached high-transport status. Peritoneal lavage and prednisolone administration have been reported to be effective in preventing or stopping the progress of EPS. When bowel obstruction has occurred, total enterolysis to remove the fibrous capsule from the bowel is indicated. To maximize overall quality of life, patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) should have the choice to make use of all the treatment modalities available: PD, hemodialysis (HD), and transplantation. Furthermore, the development of truly biocompatible PD equipment—including peritoneal catheters, solutions, and systems—are desirable to extend PD treatment for the long term. The cost of individual products could decrease significantly if PD use were to increase to 30% from 10% among ESRD patients worldwide. As practitioners, we have to further improve the technical survival rate and functional duration of PD treatment so that adequate peritoneal function can be maintained for 10 years in at least 40% of PD patients. The goal is to place PD on par with HD using high-flux dialysis membranes and ultrapure dialysis solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Saito
- Department of Molecular Nephrology and Bioartificial Organs, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kawaguchi Y, Saito A, Kawanishi H, Nakayama M, Miyazaki M, Nakamoto H, Tranæus A. Recommendations on the Management of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis in Japan, 2005: Diagnosis, Predictive Markers, Treatment, and Preventive Measures. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080502504s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive update on the management of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis incorporates insights gained from recently published findings and the accumulated experience of the authors. Aspects covered include diagnosis, risk factors and predictive markers, treatment, and prevention, including criteria for withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshindo Kawaguchi
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Akira Saito
- Division of Nephrology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa
| | | | - Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Masanobu Miyazaki
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki
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Abstract
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is recognized as a serious complication of continuous peritoneal dialysis. A preliminary diagnosis of EPS is usually based on clinical signs and symptoms, which commonly include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal fullness, an abdominal mass, bowel obstruction, and radiologic findings, including abdominal roentgenogram, contrast studies, ultrasound studies, and computed tomography. The diagnosis is confirmed by laparoscopy or laparotomy showing the characteristic gross thickening of the peritoneum enclosing some or all of the small intestine in a cocoon of opaque tissue. A variety of therapeutic approaches to EPS have been reported. This review discusses medical treatment of EPS and includes an overview of the clinical features and diagnostic aspects of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetomo Nakamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Tokorozawa Kidney Clinic, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Basara Akin I, Altay C, Celik A, Secil M. Computed Tomography Features of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis. Can Assoc Radiol J 2019; 70:233-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Farkas NG, Welman TJP, Ross T, Brown S, Smith JJ, Pawa N. Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction. Curr Probl Surg 2018; 56:49-90. [PMID: 30777150 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Farkas
- West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Ted Joseph P Welman
- West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Talisa Ross
- West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Brown
- West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jason J Smith
- West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nikhil Pawa
- West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Allam H, Al Yahri O, Mathew S, Darweesh A, Suliman AN, Abdelaziem S, Khairat M, Toro A, Di Carlo I. The enigma of primary and secondary encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. BMC Surg 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27964725 PMCID: PMC5153754 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-016-0198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis (EPS) describes a variety of diseases that are frequently confused with different names and different etiopathogeneses. The aim of this article is to report personal experience of focusing on correct classification and the status of current diagnosis and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed. Age, sex, ethnic origin, past medical history, symptoms and their duration, radiological tools and signs, laboratory tests, preoperative diagnosis, surgical approach, intraoperative findings, pathological findings, hospital stay, morbidity and mortality were studied. Results A total of seven patients, including six males and one female, aged from 24 to 72 years were observed. Four patients had recurrent abdominal colic pain for 3 months, 1, 2 and 9 years; two patients also reported recurrent attacks but without any specification of the duration. All seven patients presented at the emergency department with abdominal pain that was mainly diffused over the entire abdomen. Six patients were submitted to a CT scan. Only in two patients was the diagnosis of EPS made preoperatively. All seven patients were submitted to open surgery. The hospital stay was between 4 and 60 days. One patient had morbidity, and one patient died of MOF. Conclusions Currently, the correct identification of EPS is more easily possible than in the past, but the diagnosis is still a challenge. Surgery must be performed as soon as possible to avoid a poorer quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Allam
- Departments of General Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Al Rayyan Road, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omer Al Yahri
- Departments of General Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Al Rayyan Road, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sharon Mathew
- Departments of General Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Al Rayyan Road, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adham Darweesh
- Department of Radiology, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Nafea Suliman
- Departments of General Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Al Rayyan Road, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sherif Abdelaziem
- Departments of General Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Al Rayyan Road, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Khairat
- Departments of General Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Al Rayyan Road, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adriana Toro
- Department of General Surgery, Barone I. Romeo Hospital, Patti, Messina, Italy
| | - Isidoro Di Carlo
- Departments of General Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Al Rayyan Road, 3050, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Candido PDCM, Werner ADF, Pereira IMF, Matos BA, Pfeilsticker RM, Silva R. Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: a case report. Radiol Bras 2015; 48:56-8. [PMID: 25798009 PMCID: PMC4366030 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2013.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, a rare cause of bowel obstruction, was
described as a complication associated with peritoneal dialysis which is much feared
because of its severity. The authors report a case where radiological findings in
association with clinical symptoms have allowed for a noninvasive diagnosis of
sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, emphasizing the high sensitivity and
specificity of computed tomography to demonstrate the characteristic findings of such
a condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izabela Machado Flores Pereira
- Trainees in Radiology at Hospital Felício Rocho, Fellow degrees at Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Breno Assunção Matos
- Trainees in Radiology at Hospital Felício Rocho, Fellow degrees at Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Raul Silva
- MDs, Radiologists at Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Dunlop J, Lo A, Marshall M, Kendrick-Jones J. MEGA-OESOPHAGUS IN A YOUNG WOMAN WITH ENCAPSULATING PERITONEAL SCLEROSIS. Nephrology (Carlton) 2012; 17:431-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2011.01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu JS, Huang CC, Yen MH. Second surgical procedures for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: An analysis of 148 cases. Surgical Practice 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-1633.2011.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but very severe complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). Since the first reports on this disease in the eighties, several imaging techniques have been used for its diagnosis. Because of the rarity of this condition, uniformity in modality and protocols for abdominal imaging for diagnosis has been lacking overtime. Nowadays, computed tomography (CT) is most often used. In this review, we provide an overview of all imaging modalities that have been used overtime to diagnose EPS as a late complication of PD. Imaging features characteristic for EPS and advantages as well as shortcomings of all modalities are discussed. We believe that when EPS is suspected, CT with contrast enhancement should be the modality of first choice in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniek Vlijm
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van Schuppen
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk G Struijk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Dianet Foundation, Utrecht-Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond T Krediet
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Morishita K, Otomo Y, Aiboshi J, Kaji M. Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis Complicated by an Intra-abdominal Abscess. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 58:325-8. [PMID: 21601337 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.02.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of a 68-year-old woman who developed encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) with an intra-abdominal abscess. The patient was referred to our hospital with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. She had end-stage kidney disease secondary to diabetes mellitus that had been treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for 9 years. EPS had been diagnosed 1 year ago, and she had been treated with prednisone daily. On presentation, a computed tomographic scan showed a calcified peritoneum and intra-abdominal abscess, and surgery showed that the abscess was caused by a bowel perforation. The perforated bowel could not be sutured or resected because of the presence of fibrotic tissue and peritoneal calcification. She was treated with bowel rest with total parenteral nutrition, as well as general antibiotic therapy and drainage for 8 months. However, the site of perforation did not heal, and she died of septic shock. Because treatment of EPS complicated by bowel perforation is very difficult, it is necessary to diagnose and treat the early stages of EPS to prevent bowel perforation. Imaging techniques are important in making an early diagnosis and successfully managing EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morishita
- Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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Ti JP, Al-Aradi A, Conlon PJ, Lee MJ, Morrin MM. Imaging features of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195:W50-W54. [PMID: 20566781 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to present the spectrum of radiologic findings of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). CONCLUSION Although a rare diagnosis, encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in patients undergoing CAPD has a high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is often delayed because clinical features are insidious and nonspecific. Radiologic imaging may be helpful in the early diagnosis of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis and in facilitating timely intervention for CAPD patients with encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Saedon
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of North Tees, Hardwick Road, Stockton-on-Tees, TS19 8PE, UK
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Vlijm A, Stoker J, Bipat S, Spijkerboer AM, Phoa SS, Maes R, Struijk DG, Krediet RT. Computed Tomographic Findings Characteristic for Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study. Perit Dial Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080902900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Computed tomography (CT) is often used to confirm the diagnosis of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) but there is no consensus on specific CT abnormalities. To establish CT findings characteristic for EPS, we compared CT findings between EPS patients and long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients without EPS. Methods We included as cases all EPS patients in our center from 1996 to 2008 that underwent a CT scan at the time of diagnosis. Controls were all other long-term PD patients (PD duration ≥ 4 years) without EPS that had a CT scan for different reasons. The CT scans were blindly and independently reviewed by 3 radiologists: 2 abdominal radiologists with PD knowledge (Observers 1 and 2) and 1 radiologist without PD experience (Observer 3). Results We included 15 EPS patients and 16 controls. Observer 1 found 6 CT findings that were significantly more often present in EPS than in controls ( p ≤ 0.05): peritoneal enhancement, thickening, and calcifications; adhesions of bowel loops; signs of obstruction; and fluid loculation/septation. Observer 2 scored almost identically but Observer 3 scored differently. The sensitivity and specificity of a combination of specific CT findings were, respectively, 100% and 94% for Observers 1 and 2, and 79% and 88% for Observer 3. Conclusion CT scans showed characteristic abnormalities that were significantly more often present in EPS patients compared to long-term PD control patients. CT can be used to confirm the diagnosis of EPS when experienced radiologists apply a combination of specific CT findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaap Stoker
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Shandra Bipat
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Anje M. Spijkerboer
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Saffire S.K.S. Phoa
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Robbert Maes
- Department of Radiology, Gemini Hospital, Den Helder
| | - Dirk G. Struijk
- Division of Nephrology, The Netherlands
- Dianet Foundation, Utrecht–Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kumar A, Ramakrishnan TS, Sahu S, Mishra KB. Idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis--is a preoperative diagnosis possible? Report of three cases. Surg Today 2009; 39:610-4. [PMID: 19562451 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-008-3890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction that is usually diagnosed during a laparotomy; however, a preoperative diagnosis is possible. Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis can be classified as primary or idiopathic and secondary types and only about 70 cases of idiopathic type have been reported since it was first described. It is characterized by a total or partial encasement of the small bowel by a thick fibrotic membrane. This report presents a series of three cases in which a diagnosis of idiopathic SEP was made preoperatively based on the clinical features and radiological findings, which were confirmed by a laparotomy and histopathology. All of the cases were successfully managed by the excision of the membrane. This report demonstrates that based on the clinical features and radiological investigations, in the absence of other plausible etiologies for intestinal obstruction, it is possible to suspect a preoperative diagnosis of SEP, thereby preventing a "surprise" finding during a laparotomy and allowing for better management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameet Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Air Force Hospital, Nathu Singh Road, Kanpur Cantt, UP 208004, India
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