Pattern of lymph node metastases and its implication in radiotherapeutic clinical target volume in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a study of 2062 cases

Lung cancer staging, the established role of bronchoscopy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the absence of distant metastases, accurate mediastinal nodal staging determines treatment approaches to achieve most favourable outcomes for patients. Mediastinal staging differentiates N0/N1 disease from N2/N3 in surgical candidates. Likewise, presence of nodal involvement in nonsurgical candidates who are being considered for stereotactic body radiation therapy is also critical. This review article seeks to discuss the current options available for mediastinal staging in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly the role of bronchoscopy.

RECENT FINDINGS

Although several techniques are available to stage the mediastinum, bronchoscopy with EBUS-TBNA with or without EUS-FNA appears to be superior in most clinical situations based on its ability to concomitantly diagnose and stage at once, safety, accessibility to the widest array of lymph node stations, cost and low risk of complications. However, training and experience are required to achieve consistent diagnostic accuracy with EBUS-TBNA.

SUMMARY

EBUS-TBNA with or without EUS-FNA is considered the modality of choice in the diagnosis and staging of NSCLC in both surgical and nonsurgical candidates.