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Gerken LRH, Gerdes ME, Pruschy M, Herrmann IK. Prospects of nanoparticle-based radioenhancement for radiotherapy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4059-4082. [PMID: 37555747 PMCID: PMC10544071 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a key pillar of solid cancer treatment. Despite a high level of conformal dose deposition, radiotherapy is limited due to co-irradiation of organs at risk and subsequent normal tissue toxicities. Nanotechnology offers an attractive opportunity for increasing the efficacy and safety of cancer radiotherapy. Leveraging the freedom of design and the growing synthetic capabilities of the nanomaterial-community, a variety of engineered nanomaterials have been designed and investigated as radiosensitizers or radioenhancers. While research so far has been primarily focused on gold nanoparticles and other high atomic number materials to increase the absorption cross section of tumor tissue, recent studies are challenging the traditional concept of high-Z nanoparticle radioenhancers and highlight the importance of catalytic activity. This review provides a concise overview on the knowledge of nanoparticle radioenhancement mechanisms and their quantification. It critically discusses potential radioenhancer candidate materials and general design criteria for different radiation therapy modalities, and concludes with research priorities in order to advance the development of nanomaterials, to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and to increase at the same time the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas R H Gerken
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maren E Gerdes
- Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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2
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Liu X, Sun C, Wang Q, Li P, Zhao T, Li Q. Sp1 Upregulation Bolsters the Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Cells by Promoting Double Strand Breaks Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10658. [PMID: 37445835 PMCID: PMC10342049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance remains a critical obstacle in the clinical management of glioblastoma (GBM) by radiotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance to improve patient response to radiotherapy and increase the treatment efficacy. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in the radioresistance of GBM cells. Different human GBM cell lines and tumor-bearing mice were exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Cell survival was determined by the colony formation assay. The expression of genes and proteins in the cells and tissues was analyzed by RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The γ-H2AX, p-Sp1 and dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs phospho S2056) foci were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. Sp1 was upregulated after IR in vitro and in vivo and knocking down Sp1-sensitized GBM cells to IR. Sp1 activated the DNA-PKcs promoter and increased its expression and activity. Furthermore, the loss of Sp1 delayed double-strand breaks (DSB) repair and increased IR-induced apoptosis of GBM cells. Taken together, IR upregulates Sp1 expression in GBM cells, enhancing the activity of DNA-PKcs and promoting IR-induced DSB repair, thereby leading to increased radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongxiong Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.L.); (T.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chen MF, Chen PT, Hsieh CC, Wang CC. Effect of Proton Therapy on Tumor Cell Killing and Immune Microenvironment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020332. [PMID: 36672266 PMCID: PMC9857172 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy with proton therapy (PT) has dosimetric advantages over photon therapy, which helps to enlarge the therapeutic window of radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated the response of HCC to PT and examined the underlying mechanisms. The human liver cancer cell lines HepG2 and HuH7 and the murine liver cancer cell line Hepa1-6 were selected for cell and animal experiments to examine the response induced by PT irradiation. Biological changes and the immunological response following PT irradiation were examined. In vitro experiments showed no significant difference in cell survival following PT compared with photon radiotherapy. In a murine tumor model, the tumors were obviously smaller in size 12 days after PT irradiation. The underlying changes included increased DNA damage, upregulated IL-6 levels, and a regulated immune tumor microenvironment. Protein analysis in vitro and in vivo showed that PT increased the level of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed in tumor cells and recruited myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The increase in PD-L1 was positively correlated with the irradiation dose. In Hepa1-6 syngeneic mouse models, the combination of PT with anti-PD-L1 increased tumor growth delay compared with PT alone, which was associated with increased tumor-infiltrating T cells and attenuated MDSC recruitment in the microenvironment. Furthermore, when PT was applied to the primary HCC tumor, anti-PD-L1 antibody-treated mice showed smaller synchronous unirradiated tumors. In conclusion, the response of HCC to PT was determined by tumor cell killing and the immunological response in the tumor microenvironment. The combination with the anti-PD-L1 antibody to enhance antitumor immunity was responsible for the therapeutic synergism for HCC treated with PT. Based on our results, we suggest that PT combined with anti-PD-L1 may be a promising therapeutic policy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Fen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linko, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-F.C.); (C.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-3-3281000 (ext. 7008) (M.-F.C.)
| | - Ping-Tsung Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Hsieh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan333, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-F.C.); (C.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-3-3281000 (ext. 7008) (M.-F.C.)
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Particle radiotherapy and molecular therapies: mechanisms and strategies towards clinical applications. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e8. [PMID: 35101155 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy and targeted therapy are now commonly used in clinical trials in combination with radiotherapy for several cancers. While results are promising and encouraging, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between the drugs and radiation remain largely unknown. This is especially important when switching from conventional photon therapy to particle therapy using protons or heavier ions. Different dose deposition patterns and molecular radiobiology can in fact modify the interaction with drugs and their effectiveness. We will show here that whilst the main molecular players are the same after low and high linear energy transfer radiation exposure, significant differences are observed in post-exposure signalling pathways that may lead to different effects of the drugs. We will also emphasise that the problem of the timing between drug administration and radiation and the fractionation regime are critical issues that need to be addressed urgently to achieve optimal results in combined treatments with particle therapy.
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Li W, Zhou S, Jia M, Li X, Li L, Wang Q, Qi Z, Zhou P, Li Y, Wang Z. Early Biomarkers Associated with P53 Signaling for Acute Radiation Injury. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12010099. [PMID: 35054492 PMCID: PMC8778477 DOI: 10.3390/life12010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate dose assessment within 1 day or even 12 h after exposure through current methods of dose estimation remains a challenge, in response to a large number of casualties caused by nuclear or radiation accidents. P53 signaling pathway plays an important role in DNA damage repair and cell apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation. The changes of radiation-induced P53 related genes in the early stage of ionizing radiation should compensate for the deficiency of lymphocyte decline and γ-H2AX analysis as novel biomarkers of radiation damage. Bioinformatic analysis was performed on previous data to find candidate genes from human peripheral blood irradiated in vitro. The expression levels of candidate genes were detected by RT-PCR. The expressions of screened DDB2, AEN, TRIAP1, and TRAF4 were stable in healthy population, but significantly up-regulated by radiation, with time specificity and dose dependence in 2–24 h after irradiation. They are early indicators for medical treatment in acute radiation injury. Their effective combination could achieve a more accurate dose assessment for large-scale wounded patients within 24 h post exposure. The effective combination of p53-related genes DDB2, AEN, TRIAP1, and TRAF4 is a novel biodosimetry for a large number of people exposed to acute nuclear accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Li
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Shixiang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Meng Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Lin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-10-66930294 (Y.L.); +86-10-66930248 (Z.W.)
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; (S.Z.); (M.J.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (Q.W.); (Z.Q.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-10-66930294 (Y.L.); +86-10-66930248 (Z.W.)
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Penninckx S, Pariset E, Cekanaviciute E, Costes SV. Quantification of radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair foci to evaluate and predict biological responses to ionizing radiation. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab046. [PMID: 35692378 PMCID: PMC8693576 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced foci (RIF) are nuclear puncta visualized by immunostaining of proteins that regulate DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair after exposure to ionizing radiation. RIF are a standard metric for measuring DSB formation and repair in clinical, environmental and space radiobiology. The time course and dose dependence of their formation has great potential to predict in vivo responses to ionizing radiation, predisposition to cancer and probability of adverse reactions to radiotherapy. However, increasing complexity of experimentally and therapeutically setups (charged particle, FLASH …) is associated with several confounding factors that must be taken into account when interpreting RIF values. In this review, we discuss the spatiotemporal characteristics of RIF development after irradiation, addressing the common confounding factors, including cell proliferation and foci merging. We also describe the relevant endpoints and mathematical models that enable accurate biological interpretation of RIF formation and resolution. Finally, we discuss the use of RIF as a biomarker for quantification and prediction of in vivo radiation responses, including important caveats relating to the choice of the biological endpoint and the detection method. This review intends to help scientific community design radiobiology experiments using RIF as a key metric and to provide suggestions for their biological interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Penninckx
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Medical Physics Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 Rue Héger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eloise Pariset
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, 615 National Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 650 604 5343;
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A simple microscopy setup for visualizing cellular responses to DNA damage at particle accelerator facilities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14528. [PMID: 34267233 PMCID: PMC8282881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) not only promote genomic integrity in healthy tissues, but also largely determine the efficacy of many DNA-damaging cancer treatments, including X-ray and particle therapies. A growing body of evidence suggests that activation of the mechanisms that detect, signal and repair DSBs may depend on the complexity of the initiating DNA lesions. Studies focusing on this, as well as on many other radiobiological questions, require reliable methods to induce DSBs of varying complexity, and to visualize the ensuing cellular responses. Accelerated particles of different energies and masses are exceptionally well suited for this task, due to the nature of their physical interactions with the intracellular environment, but visualizing cellular responses to particle-induced damage - especially in their early stages - at particle accelerator facilities, remains challenging. Here we describe a straightforward approach for real-time imaging of early response to particle-induced DNA damage. We rely on a transportable setup with an inverted fluorescence confocal microscope, tilted at a small angle relative to the particle beam, such that cells can be irradiated and imaged without any microscope or beamline modifications. Using this setup, we image and analyze the accumulation of fluorescently-tagged MDC1, RNF168 and 53BP1-key factors involved in DSB signalling-at DNA lesions induced by 254 MeV α-particles. Our results provide a demonstration of technical feasibility and reveal asynchronous initiation of accumulation of these proteins at different individual DSBs.
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DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:60. [PMID: 32355263 PMCID: PMC7192953 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common countermeasures for treating a wide range of tumors. However, the radioresistance of cancer cells is still a major limitation for radiotherapy applications. Efforts are continuously ongoing to explore sensitizing targets and develop radiosensitizers for improving the outcomes of radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks are the most lethal lesions induced by ionizing radiation and can trigger a series of cellular DNA damage responses (DDRs), including those helping cells recover from radiation injuries, such as the activation of DNA damage sensing and early transduction pathways, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. Obviously, these protective DDRs confer tumor radioresistance. Targeting DDR signaling pathways has become an attractive strategy for overcoming tumor radioresistance, and some important advances and breakthroughs have already been achieved in recent years. On the basis of comprehensively reviewing the DDR signal pathways, we provide an update on the novel and promising druggable targets emerging from DDR pathways that can be exploited for radiosensitization. We further discuss recent advances identified from preclinical studies, current clinical trials, and clinical application of chemical inhibitors targeting key DDR proteins, including DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit), ATM/ATR (ataxia–telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related), the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex, the PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase) family, MDC1, Wee1, LIG4 (ligase IV), CDK1, BRCA1 (BRCA1 C terminal), CHK1, and HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1). Challenges for ionizing radiation-induced signal transduction and targeted therapy are also discussed based on recent achievements in the biological field of radiotherapy.
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Held KD, Lomax AJ, Troost EGC. Proton therapy special feature: introductory editorial. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20209004. [PMID: 32081045 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20209004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Held
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antony J Lomax
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Esther G C Troost
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Dresden, Germany
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