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Reliability of coracohumeral distance and subcoracoid tendons in subacromial pain syndrome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2383. [PMID: 36765167 PMCID: PMC9918475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the intra-rater reliability of a novice ultrasound (US) examiner and the inter-rater reliability of two examiners (novice, expert) in the measures of coracohumeral distance at rest (CHD) and at 60° of elevation without (CHD60) or with weights (CHD60w), tendon thickness of the long head of the biceps (LHB) and subscapularis (SCP). Twenty-one patients with subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS) and 20 asymptomatic participants were included. Intra and inter-rater reliability were tested with intraclass-correlation-coefficient (ICC), differences between raters were analyzed with Bland-Altman plots. Intra-rater reliability for CHD, CHD60 and CHD60w was excellent (ICC = 0.97-0.98) in asymptomatic participants, and good-to-excellent (0.88-0.93) in SAPS, while intra-rater reliability for LHB and SCP was good-to-excellent in asymptomatic participants (0.88-0.97) and in SAPS (0.90-0.92). Inter-rater reliability for CHD, CHD60 and CHD60w was moderate-to-good (0.70-0.90) in asymptomatic participants and good (0.85-0.87) in SAPS, in contrast inter-rater reliability for LHB and SCP was poor in asymptomatic participants (0.10-0.46) and poor-to-moderate (0.49-0.61) in SAPS. Bland-Altman plots revealed systematic and/or proportional bias for tendons' thickness. A novice showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability in all US measures, whereas in comparison to an expert a novice can measure reliably CHD, CHD60 and CHD60w, but not LHB and SCP, where more training is recommended.
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High-Resolution Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Carpal Tendons of Sporting Border Collies. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162050. [PMID: 36009639 PMCID: PMC9404444 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent literature has demonstrated that high-resolution ultrasonographic anatomy of the canine carpus is possible; however, only the structures of the dorsal face were described. The aims of this prospective study were: (1) to describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the carpal tendons in sporting Border Collies; (2) to measure the height, length, and thickness of the tendon at the radial ulnar notch level in order to create a baseline reference for the breed, and (3) to describe a standardised protocol to ultrasonographically evaluate the carpal faces and visible tendinous structures. A pilot study based on ten cadaveric front limbs was used to identify the structures. A subsequent clinical phase of the study using twenty-six Border Collies was recorded. The tendons of the Extensor Carpi Radialis, Extensor Digitorum Communis, and Extensor Digitorum Lateralis were identified and followed from the tenomuscular junction to the distal insertion on the dorsal face of the digits. On the lateral face, the tendon of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris was recognised and followed. On the palmar face, the two heads of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris tendon ending on the accessory carpal bone, the adjacent Flexor Digitorum Superficialis tendon, and the deep and medially located Flexor Digitorum Profundus tendon were seen and followed. The Flexor Carpi Radialis and the Abductor Pollicis Longus tendons were seen in the medial carpal face. The ulnar notch of the radius was used as the measurement and starting point of the ultrasonography. These data could be used as a standard reference in the case of chronic overuse and trauma-induced changes in the canine carpus.
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Strakowski JA, Visco CJ. Diagnostic and therapeutic musculoskeletal ultrasound applications of the shoulder. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:1-6. [PMID: 31054148 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High frequency ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing soft tissue injuries about the shoulder. It has advantages over other imaging modalities including relatively low cost, portability, and dynamic real-time visualization. It has a high sensitivity for identifying tendon degeneration, bursitis, and rotator cuff tears. Ultrasound is also an excellent modality for diagnostic and therapeutic needle-guided procedures. A detailed knowledge of shoulder anatomy and transducer positioning is required for obtaining adequate diagnostic value from ultrasound. This Monograph is designed to help develop scanning protocols for optimizing image acquisition for musculoskeletal assessment of the shoulder. Muscle Nerve, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Strakowski
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital, 3555 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, 43214, Ohio, USA.,The McConnell Spine, Sport, and Joint Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher J Visco
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Rio EK, Ellis RF, Henry JM, Falconer VR, Kiss ZS, Girdwood MA, Cook JL, Gaida JE. Don’t Assume the Control Group Is Normal—People with Asymptomatic Tendon Pathology Have Higher Pressure Pain Thresholds. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 19:2267-2273. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebonie K Rio
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Richard F Ellis
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jono M Henry
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Victoria R Falconer
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zoltan S Kiss
- Imaging @ Olympic Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A Girdwood
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Jamie E Gaida
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Australia
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Canberra, Australia
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Wakker J, Kratzer W, Graeter T, Schmidberger J. Elasticity standard values of the Achilles tendon assessed with acoustic radiation force impulse elastography on healthy volunteers: a cross section study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:139. [PMID: 29743056 PMCID: PMC5943988 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine normal values for acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) shear wave elastography of the Achilles tendon. Methods Using the VTIQ mode with the Acuson S3000™ (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), we measured the shear wave velocity (SWV) in m/s and the diameter in mm of both Achilles tendons in 182 healthy volunteers. The tendon was displayed in a sagittal view with a relaxed tendon. The parameters were tested for correlations with the anthropometric data of the subjects, between the genders and different age groups, as well as information obtained from the history, such as smoking and sporting activities. Results Using a sagittal acoustic window, we determined a mean SWV of 9.09 ± 0.71 m/s for the left Achilles tendon and 9.17 ± 0.61 m/s for the right. There was a significant difference between the results for the right and left side (p < 0.05). The diameter on the left was 4.7 ± 0.9 mm. On the right, it was 4.8 ± 0.9 mm. Likewise there was a significant difference between the results for the diameter of the left and right side (p < 0.05). Neither gender, body mass index (BMI) nor age had a significant effect on either of the measured parameters (p > 0.05). The same goes for the consumption of tobacco and alcohol (p > 0.05). Conclusions Age, gender, BMI, smoking or the consumption of alcohol did not affect either the elasticity or the diameter of the Achilles tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wakker
- Department of General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Triemli City Hospital, Birmensdorferstrasse 497, 8063, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tilmann Graeter
- Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Schmidberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Johnson JL, Shragge J, van Wijk K. Nonconfocal all-optical laser-ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging system for angle-dependent deep tissue imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:41014. [PMID: 28125155 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical imaging systems incorporating both photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound capabilities are of interest for obtaining optical and acoustic properties deep in tissue. While most dual-modality systems utilize piezoelectric transducers, all-optical systems can obtain broadband high-resolution data with hands-free operation. Previously described reflection-mode all-optical laser-ultrasound (LUS) systems use a confocal source and detector; however, angle-dependent raypaths are lost in this configuration. As a result, the overall imaging aperture is reduced, which becomes increasingly problematic with depth. We present a reflection-mode nonconfocal LUS and PA imaging system that uses signals recorded on all-optical hardware to create angle-dependent images. We use reverse-time migration and time reversal to reconstruct the LUS and PA images. We demonstrate this methodology with both a numerical model and tissue phantom experiment to image a steep-curvature vessel with a limited aperture 2-cm beneath the surface. Nonconfocal imaging demonstrates improved focusing by 30% and 15% compared to images acquired with a single LUS source in the numerical and experimental LUS images, respectively. The appearance of artifacts is also reduced. Complementary PA images are straightforward to acquire with the nonconfocal system by tuning the source wavelength and can be further developed for quantitative multiview PA imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L Johnson
- University of Auckland, Faculty of Science, The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey Shragge
- The University of Western Australia, Faculty of Science, School of Physics and School of Earth Sciences, M004 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Kasper van Wijk
- University of Auckland, Faculty of Science, The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Abstract
Compound imaging is now available on several high-end ultrasound scanners. It takes different forms and refers to different methods of creating the ultrasound image. The aim of this article is to familiarize the reader with simple background information about how it works, and to provide a clinician's view of how, why and when to use it.
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Ghorayeb SR, Shah NV, Edobor-Osula F, Lane LB, Razzano P, Chahine N, Grande DA. Ultrasonic assessment of extracellular matrix content in healing Achilles tendon. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:694-702. [PMID: 22547280 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although several imaging modalities have been utilized to observe tendons, assessing injured tendons by tracking the healing response over time with ultrasound is a desirable method which is yet to be realized. This study examines the use of ultrasound for non-invasive monitoring of the healing process of Achilles tendons after surgical transection. The overall extracellular matrix content of the transection site is monitored and quantified as a function of time. B-mode images (built from successive A-scan signatures) of the injury site were obtained and compared to biomechanical properties. A quantitative measure of tendon healing using the extracellular matrix (ECM) content of the injury site was analyzed using linear regression with all biomechanical measures. Contralateral tendons were used as controls. The trend in the degree of ECM regrowth in the 4 weeks following complete transection of excised tendons was found to be most closely paralleled with that of linear stiffness (R(2) = 0.987, p < .05) obtained with post-ultrasound biomechanical tests. Results suggest that ultrasound can be an effective imaging technique in assessing the degree of tendon healing, and can be used to correlate structural properties of Achilles tendons.
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Ravnic DJ, Galiano RD, Bodavula V, Friedman DW, Flores RL. Diagnosis and localisation of flexor tendon injuries by surgeon-performed ultrasound: A cadaveric study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:234-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gaida JE, Alfredson H, Kiss ZS, Bass SL, Cook JL. Asymptomatic Achilles tendon pathology is associated with a central fat distribution in men and a peripheral fat distribution in women: a cross sectional study of 298 individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:41. [PMID: 20196870 PMCID: PMC2841085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adiposity is a modifiable factor that has been implicated in tendinopathy. As tendon pain reduces physical activity levels and can lead to weight gain, associations between tendon pathology and adiposity must be studied in individuals without tendon pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether fat distribution was associated with asymptomatic Achilles tendon pathology. Methods The Achilles tendons of 298 individuals were categorised as normal or pathological using diagnostic ultrasound. Fat distribution was determined using anthropometry (waist circumference, waist hip ratio [WHR]) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results Asymptomatic Achilles tendon pathology was more evident in men (13%) than women (5%) (p = 0.007). Men with tendon pathology were older (50.9 ± 10.4, 36.3 ± 11.3, p < 0.001), had greater WHR (0.926 ± 0.091, 0.875 ± 0.065, p = 0.039), higher android/gynoid fat mass ratio (0.616 ± 0.186, 0.519 ± 0.142, p = 0.014) and higher upper-body/lower body fat mass ratio (2.346 ± 0.630, 2.022 ± 0.467, p = 0.013). Men older than 40 years with a waist circumference >83 cm had the greatest prevalence of tendon pathology (33%). Women with tendon pathology were older (47.4 ± 10.0, 36.0 ± 10.3, p = 0.008), had less total fat (17196 ± 3173 g, 21626 ± 7882 g, p = 0.009), trunk fat (7367 ± 1662 g, 10087 ± 4152 g, p = 0.003) and android fat (1117 ± 324 g, 1616 ± 811 g, p = 0.005). They had lower central/peripheral fat mass ratios (0.711 ± 0.321 g, 0.922 ± 0.194 g, p = 0.004) than women with normal tendons. Women with tendon pathology were more often menopausal (63%, 13%, p = 0.002). Conclusions Men with Achilles tendon pathology were older and had a central fat distribution. Women with tendon pathology were older and had a peripheral fat distribution. An interaction between age and waist circumference was observed among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gaida
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia.
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Diagnostic and Interventional Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Part 1. Fundamentals. PM R 2009; 1:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bashford GR, Tomsen N, Arya S, Burnfield JM, Kulig K. Tendinopathy discrimination by use of spatial frequency parameters in ultrasound B-mode images. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2008; 27:608-615. [PMID: 18450534 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2007.912389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The structural characteristics of a healthy tendon are related to the anisotropic speckle patterns observed in ultrasonic images. This speckle orientation is disrupted upon damage to the tendon structure as observed in patients with tendinopathy. Quantification of the structural appearance of tendon shows promise in creating a tool for diagnosing, prognosing, or measuring changes in tendon organization over time. The current work describes a first step taken towards this goal-classification of Achilles tendon images into tendinopathy and control categories. Eight spatial frequency parameters were extracted from regions of interest on tendon images, filtered and classified using linear discriminant analysis. Resulting algorithms had better than 80% accuracy in categorizing tendon image kernels as tendinopathy or control. Tendon images categorized wrongly provided for an interesting clinical association between incorrect classification of tendinopathy kernels as control and the symptom and clinical time history based inclusion criteria. To assess intersession reliability of image acquisition, the first 10 subjects were imaged twice during separate sessions. Test-retest of repeated measures was excellent (tau = 0.996, ICC = (2, 1) = 0.73 with one outlier) indicating a general consistency in imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Bashford
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 230 L. W. Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Robertson BL, Jamadar DA, Jacobson JA, Kalume-Brigido M, Caoili EM, Margaliot Z, De Maeseneer MO. Extensor Retinaculum of the Wrist: Sonographic Characterization and Pseudotenosynovitis Appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188:198-202. [PMID: 17179365 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.05.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have found in our practice that the normal extensor retinaculum of the wrist may appear hypoechoic on sonography and, because it is closely applied to the extensor tendons, may simulate tenosynovitis. This study prospectively evaluates the extensor retinaculum in 50 healthy adult volunteers, characterizing its sonographic appearance. CONCLUSION The extensor retinaculum has a characteristic appearance on sonography. A hypoechoic appearance from anisotropy should not be confused with tenosynovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Robertson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., TC2910, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Abstract
To provide a series of detailed ultrasonographic images of the canine calcaneal tendon, greyhound cadaver pelvic limbs were scanned with a high-resolution transducer, and images compared with dissected specimens. The three components of the calcaneal tendon are the tendons of insertion of the gastrocnemius, superficial digital flexor, and a conjoined tendon formed by tendons from the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and gracilis. Each of these three tendons was visible in transverse ultrasound images, each measuring 2.4-3.2-mm thick at mid-calcaneal tendon. Improved understanding of the anatomy of the calcaneal tendon will support clinical ultrasonography of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lamb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA. UK.
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Abstract
Over the last few years a sonographic revolution has occurred in rheumatology. Ultrasonography has been shown to be capable of substantially changing the traditional approach to most clinical problems in daily rheumatological practice because of its ability to allow a quick, safe and inexpensive access to otherwise undetectable anatomical information on the early targets of most rheumatic diseases. Ultrasonography completes the physical examination in a rapid and accurate manner and allows the detection of a wide spectrum of pathological findings involving different anatomical structures in the musculoskeletal system. Guidance for intervention (joint aspiration, synovial or soft tissue biopsy, joint or tendon sheath injection) is a major application of ultrasonography. Sonographic guidance is particularly useful when fluid collections are very small or when the inflammatory process is adjacent to anatomical structures that could be seriously damaged by the injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Grassi
- Cattedra di Reumatologia-Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedale A. Murri, Via dei Colli, 52, 60035 Jesi, Ancona, Italy.
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