Functioning adrenal pathology

PET and PET/CT in endocrine tumours

Functional information provided by PET tracers together with the superior image quality and the better data quantification by PET technology had a changing effect on the significance of nuclear medicine in medical issues. Recently introduced hybrid PET/CT systems together with the introduction of novel PET radiopharmaceuticals have contributed to the fact that nuclear medicine has become a growing diagnostic impact on endocrinology. In this review imaging strategies, different radiopharmaceuticals including the basic mechanism of their cell uptake, and the diagnostic value of PET and PET/CT in endocrine tumours except differentiated thyroid carcinomas will be discussed.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: Spectrum of Radiologic Appearances and Discussion of a Multitechnique Imaging Approach

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is characterized by the occurrence of two or more tumors that may be associated with hyperfunction and malignancy. MEN is caused by genetic defects, and two major types, MEN 1 and MEN 2, are recognized. Each type is characterized by the development of tumors within specific endocrine organs. A multidisciplinary approach involving cooperation between endocrinologists, surgeons, oncologists, and radiologists is pivotal for optimizing patient treatment. Imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and management of the disease. To contribute effectively, however, the radiologist must understand the range of anatomic and functional imaging modalities used in the assessment of endocrine disorders. In addition, knowledge of the optimal techniques for evaluating the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic, adrenal, and foregut carcinoid tumors that occur in these MEN syndromes is essential. Finally, an understanding of the spectrum of disease and of the manifestations of each component is crucial for accurate detection, staging, and surveillance in this diverse patient group.