1
|
Lee GH, Lee WJ, Hur J, Kim E, Lee HG, Seo HG. Ginsenoside Re Mitigates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Oxidative Stress through Upregulation of GPX4. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010188. [PMID: 31906464 PMCID: PMC6983050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are active components found abundantly in ginseng which has been used as a medicinal herb to modify disease status for thousands of years. However, the pharmacological activity of ginsenoside Re in the neuronal system remains to be elucidated. Neuroprotective activity of ginsenoside Re was investigated in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to induce cellular injury. Ginsenoside Re significantly inhibited 6-OHDA-triggered cellular damage as judged by analysis of tetrazolium dye reduction and lactose dehydrogenase release. In addition, ginsenoside Re induced the expression of the antioxidant protein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) but not catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione reductase, or superoxide dismutase-1. Furthermore, upregulation of GPX4 by ginsenoside Re was mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase but not by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase or c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Ginsenoside Re also suppressed 6-OHDA-triggered cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of membrane lipids. The GPX4 inhibitor (1S,3R)-RSL3 reversed ginsenoside Re-mediated inhibition of cellular damage in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-OHDA, indicating that the neuronal activity of ginsenoside Re is due to upregulation of GPX4. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Re-dependent upregulation of GPX4 reduces oxidative stress and thereby alleviates 6-OHDA-induced neuronal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Hee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hur
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Eunsu Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyuk Gyoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Belanger D, Calder MD, Gianetto-Berruti A, Lui EM, Watson AJ, Feyles V. Effects of American Ginseng on Preimplantation Development and Pregnancy in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:981-95. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In North America, a high proportion of pregnant women use herbal medications including North American ginseng. This medicinal plant contains high amounts of triterpene saponins (ginsenosides), which are the main bioactive compounds. It is important to assess ginseng’s impact on all reproductive functions to ensure the safety of pregnant women and fetuses. In this study, we defined the concentration-responsive effects of North American alcoholic and aqueous ginseng extracts on preimplantation development in vitro and on pregnancy and post-partum development in the mouse. Two-cell mouse embryos were cultured with 5 different concentrations of whole ginseng root extracts, or ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1 and Re alone, a combinatorial ginsenoside solution and a crude polysaccharide fraction solution. Embryonic development and recovery from each treatment was assessed. To investigate the in vivo effects of ginseng extracts, female mice were gavaged with 50[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day, 500[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day or 2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day of either extract (treatment) or water (sham) for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation. Gestation period, litter size, pup growth and pup sex ratio were evaluated. Oral ginseng consumption did not significantly affect fertility or pregnancy in the mouse. High doses of ginseng (2000[Formula: see text]mg/kg/day) decreased maternal weight gain. Direct treatment of preimplantation embryos in vitro demonstrated that ALC and AQ extract treatment reduced development in a concentration responsive manner, while only ALC extract effects were largely reversible. Treatments with individual or combinatorial ginsenosides, or the polysaccharide fraction solution alone did not impair preimplantation development, in vitro. In conclusion, maternal oral consumption of ginseng has little negative impact on pregnancy in the mouse, however, direct exposure to ginseng extract during mouse preimplantation development in vitro is detrimental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyka Belanger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute-Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Michele D. Calder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute-Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Alessandra Gianetto-Berruti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Edmund M. Lui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Watson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute-Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Valter Feyles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute-Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Review of cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:89-93. [PMID: 26045681 PMCID: PMC4452531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has long been used as a functional food or therapeutic supplement and it is empirically known to be safe and nontoxic. During recent decades, a number of in vitro and in vivo experiments, as well as human studies have been conducted to prove the safety of various types of ginseng samples and their components. Clinical trials, case reports, and in vitro and in vivo research articles addressing the safety, toxicity, and other adverse events of ginseng application were selected and reviewed. Patient risks associated with ginseng abuse and misuse such as affective disorder, allergy, cardiovascular and renal toxicity, genital organ bleeding, gynecomastia, hepatotoxicity, hypertension, reproductive toxicity, and anticoagulant-ginseng interaction were reviewed and summarized. There are some cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse depending on patients' conditions although further investigation in more cases is required to clarify these issues.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yon JM, Baek IJ, Lee BJ, Yun YW, Nam SY. Emodin and [6]-gingerol lessen hypoxia-induced embryotoxicities in cultured mouse whole embryos via upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and intracellular superoxide dismutases. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:513-8. [PMID: 21382473 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Excess hypoxia during embryonic organogenesis leads to developmental abnormalities and postnatal deficits. To determine whether emodin and [6]-gingerol affects hypoxia-induced anomalies during embryonic organogenesis, we cultured embryonic day 8.5 mouse embryos under hypoxic conditions (5% O(2)) for 2 days with or without emodin (1 × 10(-8) μg/mL), [6]-gingerol (1 × 10(-9) μg/mL), and SOD mimetics MnTBAP (1 × 10(2) nM/mL) and then investigated the developmental changes and expression patterns of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and mitochondrial SOD (SOD2) in the embryos. Hypoxic conditions induced various developmental anomalies in the growth stages and remarkably low levels of HIF-1α, SOD1 and SOD2 mRNAs, and SOD activity in the embryos; however, these effects were significantly reversed by treatment with emodin, [6]-gingerol, and MnTBAP, respectively. Our findings indicate that antioxidants such as emodin, [6]-gingerol, and MnTBAP lessen hypoxia-induced embryotoxicities via upregulation of HIF-1α and intracellular SODs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Yon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine Priority Research Institute of NRF, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Tang J, Khatibi NH, Zhu M, Chen D, Tu L, Chen L, Wang S. Treatment with ginsenoside rb1, a component of panax ginseng, provides neuroprotection in rats subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 110:75-9. [PMID: 21125449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0356-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE recent trials have shown Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), an active component of a well known Chinese medicine Panax Ginseng, plays a significant role in improving the complications seen after an ischemic brain event. In the present study, we investigated the use of GRb1 as a treatment modality to reduce brain edema, reduce arterial vasospasm, and improve neurobehavioral function after subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury (SAH) in rats. METHOD male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) Sham group (n = 10), (2) Vehicle group (SAH + no treatment; n = 12); (3) Treatment group (SAH + GRb1 treatment at 20 mg/kg; n = 11). Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced using the modified double hemorrhage model followed by treatment administration intravenously. Post-operative assessment included neurobehavioral testing using the spontaneous activity scoring system, brain water content, and histological examination of the basilar artery. RESULTS post-operative findings indicated treatment with GRb1 had significantly reduced brain edema and improved neurobehavioral functioning. In addition, histological examination revealed a significant reduction in basilar artery vasospasm and lumen thickness with treatment. CONCLUSION the results of the study suggest that GRb1 treatment reduces brain edema, improves neurobehavioral function, and blocks vasculature thickening and spasm after SAH in rats. Given the novelty of the study, further research will be needed to confirm the benefits of treatment and mechanisms behind neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim MR, Lee KN, Yon JM, Lee SR, Jin Y, Baek IJ, Lee BJ, Yun YW, Nam SY. Capsaicin prevents ethanol-induced teratogenicity in cultured mouse whole embryos. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:292-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|