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Kim M, Cha IT, Lee KE, Li M, Park SJ. Pangenome analysis provides insights into the genetic diversity, metabolic versatility, and evolution of the genus Flavobacterium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0100323. [PMID: 37594286 PMCID: PMC10655711 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Flavobacterium are widely distributed and produce various polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Many species in the genus have been isolated and characterized. However, few studies have focused on marine isolates or fish pathogens, and in-depth genomic analyses, particularly comparative analyses of isolates from different habitat types, are lacking. Here, we isolated 20 strains of the genus from various environments in South Korea and sequenced their full-length genomes. Combined with published sequence data, we examined genomic traits, evolution, environmental adaptation, and putative metabolic functions in total 187 genomes of isolated species in Flavobacterium categorized as marine, host-associated, and terrestrial including freshwater. A pangenome analysis revealed a correlation between genome size and coding or noncoding density. Flavobacterium spp. had high levels of diversity, allowing for novel gene repertories via recombination events. Defense-related genes only accounted for approximately 3% of predicted genes in all Flavobacterium genomes. While genes involved in metabolic pathways did not differ with respect to isolation source, there was substantial variation in genomic traits; in particular, the abundances of tRNAs and rRNAs were higher in the host-associdated group than in other groups. One genome in the host-associated group contained a Microviridae prophage closely related to an enterobacteria phage. The proteorhodopsin gene was only identified in four terrestrial strains isolated for this study. Furthermore, recombination events clearly influenced genomic diversity and may contribute to the response to environmental stress. These findings shed light on the high genetic variation in Flavobacterium and functional roles in diverse ecosystems as a result of their metabolic versatility. IMPORTANCE The genus Flavobacterium is a diverse group of bacteria that are found in a variety of environments. While most species of this genus are harmless and utilize organic substrates such as proteins and polysaccharides, some members may play a significant role in the cycling for organic substances within their environments. Nevertheless, little is known about the genomic dynamics and/or metabolic capacity of Flavobacterium. Here, we found that Flavobacterium species may have an open pangenome, containing a variety of diverse and novel gene repertoires. Intriguingly, we discovered that one genome (classified into host-associated group) contained a Microviridae prophage closely related to that of enterobacteria. Proteorhodopsin may be expressed under conditions of light or oxygen pressure in some strains isolated for this study. Our findings significantly contribute to the understanding of the members of the genus Flavobacterium diversity exploration and will provide a framework for the way for future ecological characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - In-Tae Cha
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Eun Lee
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Meng Li
- Archaeal Biology Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Soo-Je Park
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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2
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Complete Genome Sequence of
Aquiluna
sp. Strain KACHI24, Isolated from River Surface Water. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0085822. [PMID: 36121237 PMCID: PMC9583784 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00858-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The globally distributed bacterioplankton of the genus Aquiluna belong to the tribe Luna1-A1. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Aquiluna sp. strain KACHI24, which was isolated from river surface water in Japan.
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3
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Shim J, Choun K, Kang K, Kim J, Cho S, Jung K. The binding of secondary chromophore for thermally stable rhodopsin makes more stable with temperature. Protein Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pro.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐gon Shim
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Kimleng Choun
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Kun‐Wook Kang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Shin‐Gyu Cho
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Kwang‐Hwan Jung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces Sogang University Seoul South Korea
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4
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Complete Genome Sequences of Two Flavobacterium ammonificans Strains and a Flavobacterium ammoniigenes Strain of Ammonifying Bacterioplankton Isolated from Surface River Water. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0017622. [PMID: 35658562 PMCID: PMC9302062 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00176-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium ammonificans and Flavobacterium ammoniigenes are ammonifying freshwater bacterioplankton. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two F. ammonificans strains (SHINM13T and GENT11) and one F. ammoniigenes strain (GENT5T) that were isolated from surface river water in Japan.
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5
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Sephus CD, Fer E, Garcia AK, Adam ZR, Schwieterman EW, Kaçar B. Earliest photic zone niches probed by ancestral microbial rhodopsins. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6582242. [PMID: 35524714 PMCID: PMC9117797 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For billions of years, life has continuously adapted to dynamic physical conditions near the Earth’s surface. Fossils and other preserved biosignatures in the paleontological record are the most direct evidence for reconstructing the broad historical contours of this adaptive interplay. However, biosignatures dating to Earth’s earliest history are exceedingly rare. Here, we combine phylogenetic inference of primordial rhodopsin proteins with modeled spectral features of the Precambrian Earth environment to reconstruct the paleobiological history of this essential family of photoactive transmembrane proteins. Our results suggest that ancestral microbial rhodopsins likely acted as light-driven proton pumps and were spectrally tuned toward the absorption of green light, which would have enabled their hosts to occupy depths in a water column or biofilm where UV wavelengths were attenuated. Subsequent diversification of rhodopsin functions and peak absorption frequencies was enabled by the expansion of surface ecological niches induced by the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen. Inferred ancestors retain distinct associations between extant functions and peak absorption frequencies. Our findings suggest that novel information encoded by biomolecules can be used as “paleosensors” for conditions of ancient, inhabited niches of host organisms not represented elsewhere in the paleontological record. The coupling of functional diversification and spectral tuning of this taxonomically diverse protein family underscores the utility of rhodopsins as universal testbeds for inferring remotely detectable biosignatures on inhabited planetary bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn D Sephus
- NASA Center for Early Life and Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evrim Fer
- NASA Center for Early Life and Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amanda K Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zachary R Adam
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward W Schwieterman
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Betül Kaçar
- NASA Center for Early Life and Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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Chazan A, Rozenberg A, Mannen K, Nagata T, Tahan R, Yaish S, Larom S, Inoue K, Béjà O, Pushkarev A. Diverse heliorhodopsins detected via functional metagenomics in freshwater Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Archaea. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:110-121. [PMID: 34984789 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered rhodopsin family of heliorhodopsins (HeRs) is abundant in diverse microbial environments. So far, the functional and biological roles of HeRs remain unknown. To tackle this issue, we combined experimental and computational screens to gain some novel insights. Here, 10 readily expressed HeR genes were found using functional metagenomics on samples from two freshwater environments. These HeRs originated from diverse prokaryotic groups: Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Archaea. Heterologously expressed HeRs absorbed light in the green and yellow wavelengths (543-562 nm) and their photocycles exhibited diverse kinetic characteristics. To approach the physiological function of the HeRs, we used our environmental clones along with thousands of microbial genomes to analyze genes neighbouring HeRs. The strongest association was found with the DegV family involved in activation of fatty acids, which allowed us to hypothesize that HeRs might be involved in light-induced membrane lipid modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Chazan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Andrey Rozenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Kentaro Mannen
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ran Tahan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Shir Yaish
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Shirley Larom
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Oded Béjà
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Alina Pushkarev
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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7
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Phylogenomics of SAR116 Clade Reveals Two Subclades with Different Evolutionary Trajectories and an Important Role in the Ocean Sulfur Cycle. mSystems 2021; 6:e0094421. [PMID: 34609172 PMCID: PMC8547437 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00944-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The SAR116 clade within the class Alphaproteobacteria represents one of the most abundant groups of heterotrophic bacteria inhabiting the surface of the ocean. The small number of cultured representatives of SAR116 (only two to date) is a major bottleneck that has prevented an in-depth study at the genomic level to understand the relationship between genome diversity and its role in the marine environment. In this study, we use all publicly available genomes to provide a genomic overview of the phylogeny, metabolism, and biogeography within the SAR116 clade. This increased genomic diversity has led to the discovery of two subclades that, despite coexisting in the same environment, display different properties in their genomic makeup. One represents a novel subclade for which no pure cultures have been isolated and is composed mainly of single-amplified genomes (SAGs). Genomes within this subclade showed convergent evolutionary trajectories with more streamlined features, such as low GC content (ca. 30%), short intergenic spacers (<22 bp), and strong purifying selection (low ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous polymorphisms [dN/dS]). Besides, they were more abundant in metagenomic databases recruiting at the deep chlorophyll maximum. Less abundant and restricted to the upper photic layers of the global ocean, the other subclade of SAR116, enriched in metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), included the only two pure cultures. Genomic analysis suggested that both clades have a significant role in the sulfur cycle with differences in the way both clades can metabolize dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). IMPORTANCE The SAR116 clade of Alphaproteobacteria is a ubiquitous group of heterotrophic bacteria inhabiting the surface of the ocean, but the information about their ecology and population genomic diversity is scarce due to the difficulty of getting pure culture isolates. The combination of single-cell genomics and metagenomics has become an alternative approach to study these kinds of microbes. Our results expand the understanding of the genomic diversity, distribution, and lifestyles within this clade and provide evidence of different evolutionary trajectories in the genomic makeup of the two subclades that could serve to illustrate how evolutionary pressure can drive different adaptations to the same environment. Therefore, the SAR116 clade represents an ideal model organism for the study of the evolutionary streamlining of genomes in microbes that have relatively close relatedness to each other.
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8
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Bioluminescence and Photoreception in Unicellular Organisms: Light-Signalling in a Bio-Communication Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111311. [PMID: 34768741 PMCID: PMC8582858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence, the emission of light catalysed by luciferases, has evolved in many taxa from bacteria to vertebrates and is predominant in the marine environment. It is now well established that in animals possessing a nervous system capable of integrating light stimuli, bioluminescence triggers various behavioural responses and plays a role in intra- or interspecific visual communication. The function of light emission in unicellular organisms is less clear and it is currently thought that it has evolved in an ecological framework, to be perceived by visual animals. For example, while it is thought that bioluminescence allows bacteria to be ingested by zooplankton or fish, providing them with favourable conditions for growth and dispersal, the luminous flashes emitted by dinoflagellates may have evolved as an anti-predation system against copepods. In this short review, we re-examine this paradigm in light of recent findings in microorganism photoreception, signal integration and complex behaviours. Numerous studies show that on the one hand, bacteria and protists, whether autotrophs or heterotrophs, possess a variety of photoreceptors capable of perceiving and integrating light stimuli of different wavelengths. Single-cell light-perception produces responses ranging from phototaxis to more complex behaviours. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that unicellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes can perform complex tasks ranging from habituation and decision-making to associative learning, despite lacking a nervous system. Here, we focus our analysis on two taxa, bacteria and dinoflagellates, whose bioluminescence is well studied. We propose the hypothesis that similar to visual animals, the interplay between light-emission and reception could play multiple roles in intra- and interspecific communication and participate in complex behaviour in the unicellular world.
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9
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Hahn MW, Pitt A, Koll U, Schmidt J, Maresca JA, Neumann-Schaal M. Aurantimicrobium photophilum sp. nov., a non-photosynthetic bacterium adjusting its metabolism to the diurnal light cycle and reclassification of Cryobacterium mesophilum as Terrimesophilobacter mesophilus gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34431766 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerobic primarily chemoorganotrophic actinobacterial strain MWH-Mo1T was isolated from a freshwater lake and is characterized by small cell lengths of less than 1 µm, small cell volumes of 0.05-0.06 µm3 (ultramicrobacterium), a small genome size of 1.75 Mbp and, at least for an actinobacterium, a low DNA G+C content of 54.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 116 housekeeping genes suggested the type strain of Aurantimicrobium minutum affiliated with the family Microbacteriaceae as its closest described relative. Strain MWH-Mo1T shares with the type strain of that species a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.6 % but the genomes of the two strains share an average nucleotide identity of only 79.3 %. Strain MWH-Mo1T is in many genomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics quite similar to the type strain of A. minutum. Previous intensive investigations revealed two unusual traits of strain MWH-Mo1T. Although the strain is not known to be phototrophic, the metabolism is adjusted to the diurnal light cycle by up- and down-regulation of genes in light and darkness. This results in faster growth in the presence of light. Additionally, a cell size-independent protection against predation by bacterivorous flagellates, most likely mediated by a proteinaceous cell surface structure, was demonstrated. For the previously intensively investigated aerobic chemoorganotrophic actinobacterial strain MWH-Mo1T (=CCUG 56426T=DSM 107758T), the establishment of the new species Aurantimicrobium photophilum sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Hahn
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Salzburg, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pitt
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Salzburg, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Ulrike Koll
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Salzburg, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Johanna Schmidt
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Salzburg, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Julia A Maresca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Junior Research Group Bacterial Metabolomics, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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10
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Maejima Y, Iino T, Moriuchi R, Kushimoto K, Muraguchi Y, Fukuda K, Nojiri H, Ohkuma M, Dohra H, Kimbara K, Shintani M. Fluviispira sanaruensis sp., nov., Isolated from a Brackish Lake in Hamamatsu, Japan. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3268-3276. [PMID: 34086078 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strain RF1110005T, which was isolated from brackish lake water sampled at Lake Sanaru in Japan as a "filterable" bacterial strain, was characterized as a novel species in the genus Fluviispira, family Silvanigrellaceae, order Silvanigrellales, the class Oligoflexia and the phylum Bdellovibrionota. Cells of RF1110005T were aerobic, Gram stain negative, and show a pleomorphic morphology of spiral, filamentous and rod shapes. Catalase reaction was positive. Strain RF1110005T grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7.0-8.0 and 0.5% NaCl (w/v). The major polar lipids in RF1110005T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenates of core gene sequence showed that the nearest neighbor of strain RF1110005T was Fluviispira multicolorata strain 33A1-SZDPT with 98.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The genome size of strain RF1110005T was 3.5 Mbp with two plasmids (80 kb and 69 kb), and the G + C content was 33.7 mol%. Comparisons with genome-wide analyses and chemotaxonomic characters clearly showed that strain RF1110005T differed from F. multicolorata. Therefore, a novel species in Fluviispira sanaruensis, sp. nov., is proposed for strain RF1110005T (= JCM 31447 T = LMG 30360 T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Maejima
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takao Iino
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ryota Moriuchi
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Koya Kushimoto
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Yusuke Muraguchi
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kohei Fukuda
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8561, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kimbara
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Masaki Shintani
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan. .,Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan. .,Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan.
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