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Co-infections of human herpesviruses (CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and EBV) in non-transplant acute leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy. Virol J 2020; 17:37. [PMID: 32183884 PMCID: PMC7079388 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesviruses (HHVs) remain latent after primary infection and can be reactivated in response to immunosuppression and chemotherapy. Little is known about their incidence, potential relationships, risk factors and clinical impact in non-transplant leukemia patients. This study investigated prospectively incidence, risk factors, clinical impact and possible association of HHVs-(1–7) infections in patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia. Methods Study design involved longitudinal sampling before chemotherapy and in different phases of chemotherapy: post-induction, post-remission, and post-salvage during 2016–2018. A total of 734 plasma samples from 95 patients were analyzed by a qualitative, multiplex PCR for HHVs detection and a quantitative real-time PCR was used for cytomegalovirus (CMV) quantification. HHVs-(1–6) IgG and IgM antibodies were tested using immunoassays. Risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression and relationships between viruses were analyzed using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Results The overall seroprevalences of HHV-(1–6) IgG were high (> 80%). At least one herpes viral agent was detected in 60 patients (63.3%). CMV was the most commonly detected virus in the different phases of chemotherapy (19.4%), followed by HHV-6 (9.7%), HHV-7 (5.2%) and EBV (2.7%). HSV-1/2 and VZV DNA were not detected. Twenty-seven patients (28.4%) had more than one virus detected in the follow-up, with 23 who were co-infected. CMV/HHV-6 was the most frequent co-infection (69.5%, 16/23). HHV-6 infection (p = 0.008) was identified as a risk factor for CMV infection while salvage treatment (p = 0.04) and CMV infection (p = 0.007) were found to be independent risk factors for HHV-6 infection. CMV co-infection was associated with severe lymphopenia with an absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) (< 500/μL) (p = 0.009), rash (p = 0.011), pneumonia (p = 0.016) and opportunistic infections [bacteremia, p < 0.001 and invasive fungal infection, (p = 0.024)] more frequently than CMV mono-viral infections. Conclusions Our data suggest that co-infection with HHVs, especially CMV and HHV-6, may contribute to the development of serious clinical manifestations with profound lymphopenia, pneumonia rash and increased risk for bacterial and fungal co-infections. These findings may suggest the synergistic effect of HHVs associated infection.
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Meesing A, Razonable RR. New Developments in the Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection After Transplantation. Drugs 2019; 78:1085-1103. [PMID: 29961185 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) continues to be one of the most important pathogens that universally affect solid organ and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Lack of effective CMV-specific immunity is the common factor that predisposes to the risk of CMV reactivation and clinical disease after transplantation. Antiviral drugs are the cornerstone for prevention and treatment of CMV infection and disease. Over the years, the CMV DNA polymerase inhibitor, ganciclovir (and valganciclovir), have served as the backbone for management, while foscarnet and cidofovir are reserved for the management of CMV infection that is refractory or resistant to ganciclovir treatment. In this review, we highlight the role of the newly approved drug, letermovir, a viral terminase inhibitor, for CMV prevention after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Advances in immunologic monitoring may allow for an individualized approach to management of CMV after transplantation. Specifically, the potential role of CMV-specific T-cell measurements in guiding the need for the treatment of asymptomatic CMV infection and the duration of treatment of CMV disease is discussed. The role of adoptive immunotherapy, using ex vivo-generated CMV-specific T cells, is highlighted. This article provides a review of novel drugs, tests, and strategies in optimizing our current approaches to prevention and treatment of CMV in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atibordee Meesing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Marian Hall 5, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Raymund R Razonable
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Marian Hall 5, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- William J von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Yu X, Geng W, Zhao H, Wang G, Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Geng X. Using a Commonly Down-Regulated Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Promoter for High-Level Expression of Ectopic Gene in a Human B Lymphoma Cell Line. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5943-5950. [PMID: 29244783 PMCID: PMC5741043 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vectors are widely used to drive gene expression using a promoter. However, not all promoters are able to drive ectopic gene expression efficiently, including CMV promoter. Here, we report our data using CMV promoter for high-level gene expression in a B lymphoma cell line DG75. MATERIAL AND METHODS A plasmid (pcDNA3.1(+)) containing the CD21 gene driven under CMV promoter was constructed. The plasmid was stably transfected into a human B lymphoma cell line DG75 for cellular surface CD21 expression, and flow cytometry was used to monitor CD21 expression. CD21+ cells in the stable cell line were purified using anti-CD21 antibody-coupled Dynabeads for CD21-mediated antigen presentation experiment. RESULTS The percentage of CD21+ cells in newly generated stable DG75-pcDNA3.1(+)-CD21 cells was only 6.5% as determined by flow cytometry, which was unexpected and did not fit the requirements for further experiments. However, CD21+ cells could be purified to 100% using anti-CD21 antibody-coupled beads. The percentage of CD21+ cells in purified cells can be kept at 95%, 82%, 42%, 15%, and 42% at 7 d, 14 d, 34 d, and 42 d after purification, respectively. Specific T cell response against CD21-mediated antigen presentation can be activated successfully only when surface CD21 expression remains high. CONCLUSIONS A commonly down-regulated CMV promoter can be used to drive ectopic gene expression at a high-level in stable cell lines. Our results should facilitate future experimental design using other down-regulated promoters containing vectors such as SV40 and PGK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Geng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hongchuan Zhao
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yijun Zhao
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoping Geng
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Dzieciatkowski T, Tomaszewska A, Przybylski M, Rusicka P, Basak GW, Jedrzejczak WW, Wroblewska M, Halaburda K. Analysis of the shedding of three β-herpesviruses DNA in Polish patients subjected to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Six-year follow up. J Clin Virol 2016; 76:30-5. [PMID: 26809130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with human β-herpesviruses are common worldwide and are still frequent in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Some data suggest that HHV-6 and HHV-7 could take part in CMV reactivation from latency and/or progression of CMV disease in immunosupressed patients. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were: (1) to summarise retrospectively the results of β-herpesviruses DNA detection in a large group of adult allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients; and (2) to find a potential correlation between viruses belonging to this subfamily. STUDY DESIGN AlloHSCT recipients (N=142) were examined in the early post-transplant period (median=89 days). The presence of CMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 was confirmed through detection and quantification of viral DNA, isolated from 1679 sera samples. RESULTS CMV DNA alone was detected in 23.9% of patients, while single HHV-6 and HHV-7 were detected in 14.8% and 9.9% of individuals, respectively. The reactivation of more than one virus was identified in 31% of analysed patients. In cases of concurrent infection, HHV-7 was detected at the same time as HHV-6, and both of them were usually reactivated before CMV. The kinetics of virus reactivation and measured viral load may suggest a potential role of HHV-6 and HHV-7 as co-factors in CMV reactivation. CONCLUSIONS The observed kinetics of virus reactivation may strongly suggest a potential role of HHV-6 and/or HHV-7 as co-factors of CMV reactivation. The co-infection with these β-herpesviruses could predispose patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to a longer and more severe CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dzieciatkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Central Clinical Hospital in Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Department of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Przybylski
- Department of Microbiology, Central Clinical Hospital in Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Rusicka
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz W Basak
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wieslaw W Jedrzejczak
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wroblewska
- Department of Microbiology, Central Clinical Hospital in Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Infection Control Unit, Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Halaburda
- Department of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Large-scale multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of viral reactivations after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1427-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Roseoloviruses in transplant recipients: clinical consequences and prospects for treatment and prevention trials. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 9:53-60. [PMID: 25285614 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Roseoloviruses frequently reactivate in transplant recipients. We review the impact of Roseoloviruses in transplant recipients and highlight research priorities. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B were recently classified as distinct species with important differences. Both viruses can result in inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6, which may cause complications after transplant. HHV-6B is the primary species associated with disease and appears to have pleiotropic effects on the central nervous system. Small preemptive and prophylactic studies have not shown a statistically significant impact on HHV-6 disease. Although Roseoloviruses are associated with diverse complications in transplant patients, studies providing strong evidence for a causal role are lacking. Trials focusing on prevention and treatment will be important to inform the significance of Roseolovirus reactivation.
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Tomaszewska A, Kryśko A, Dzieciątkowski T, Przybylski M, Basak GW, Hałaburda K, Piekarska K, Sulowska A, Nasiłowska-Adamska B, Młynarczyk G, Jędrzejczak WW, Mariańska B. Co-infections with cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus type 7 in adult Polish allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:77-80. [PMID: 23955532 PMCID: PMC3898125 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is widespread around the world and may also be a possible cofactor for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. In case of viral diseases where specific treatment is available, real-time PCR assays constitute reliable diagnostic tools enabling timely initiation of appropriate therapy and rapid assessment of the efficacy of antiviral treatment strategies. The presence of CMV and HHV-7 was confirmed by the detection of viral DNA isolated from 1,027 plasma samples. A group of 69 allogeneic HSCT (alloHSCT) recipients was examined in early post-transplant period using quantitative real-time PCR methods. Within the study period, 62 % of patients had at least once CMV DNA-emia, while HHV-7 DNA was found in 43 % of subjects. Co-infection between these β-herpesviruses was detected in the plasma samples collected from 18 patients (26 %). Patients with concomitant HHV-7 DNA-emia had significantly higher number of CMV DNA copies compared with those without HHV-7 infection (1986 vs. 432 copies/ml, p < 0.001) but there was no difference in duration of CMV DNA-emia between these groups. On the other hand, while the load of HHV-7 DNA was comparable between patients with CMV DNA-emia and without CMV DNA-emia, the duration of HHV-7 DNA-emia was significantly longer in the first group (38.5 vs. 14 days, p < 0.001). HHV-7 DNA-emia is very frequently detected in Polish alloHSCT recipients. In those, who have subsequent CMV reactivation, the coexistence of the viruses may negatively affect the kinetics of infection with either of them. Therefore the investigation of concomitant HHV-7 DNA-emia could affect the prognosis of post-transplant patients suffering from CMV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Department of Haematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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Akpek G, Joseph R, Günay C, Kessler II, Shvartsbeyn M, Bhatnagar B, Aurelian L. Frequent Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus Antigen in Skin and Peripheral Blood CD34+ Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:529-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bil-Lula I, De Franceschi N, Pawlik K, Woźniak M. Improved real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of all 54 known types of human adenoviruses in clinical samples. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:BR221-8. [PMID: 22648243 PMCID: PMC3560713 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection and quantification of adenoviruses (AdVs) causing life-threatening complications are important abilities in recognition of infection and management of immunocompromised patients. Due to the rapid increase in the number of known AdV types, most commercial tests for detection and identification of AdVs are outdated. Material/Methods We designed an improved, easier and faster real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) method for detection and quantification of 54 types of human AdVs. A wide validation effort was undertaken to ensure confidence in highly sensitive and specific detection of AdVs in compromised patients. The validation process included evaluation of the method’s suitability and reliability for use in routine diagnostics. Results Due to high sensitivity (9.2×102 copies/ml) and broad dynamic range (7 log) we are able to detect specific viral DNA in large amounts of cell-free body fluids. The new assay is characterized by high precision and low variation within and between individual virus tests (CV=0.036%, CV=1.29%), low bias error (4%) and no cross-reactivity with other pathogens. Conclusions The implementation of this new assay in clinical and laboratory practice provides a rapid, reliable and less laborious method for detection and monitoring of AdV replication in immunocompromised patients. Moreover, it offers the ability to distinguish between active and latent infection and assess treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bil-Lula
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Medicine in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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