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Flynn MM, Tierney A, Itsiopoulos C. Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil the Critical Ingredient Driving the Health Benefits of a Mediterranean Diet? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2916. [PMID: 37447242 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chronic diseases are preventable with a healthy diet, although there is debate about the optimal dietary approach. Increasingly more countries are focusing on food-based guidelines rather than the traditional nutrient-based approach. Although there is good agreement on plant foods, controversy remains about the types and amounts of fats and oils. This narrative review aims to systematically summarize and evaluate the latest evidence on the protective effects of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on disease risk factors. A systematic search of the relevant literature using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases was conducted for the years 2000 through December 2022. A narrative synthesis was then undertaken. Of 281 retrieved articles, 34 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included. Compared with other dietary fats and low-fat diets, EVOO is superior in the management of clinical biomarkers including lowering blood pressure and LDL-c, increasing protective HDL-c, improving glycemic control, and weight management. The protective effects of EVOO are likely due to its polyphenol content rather than the monounsaturated fat content. It is therefore important to promote the regular use of EVOO in the context of healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet for maximal health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Flynn
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University, 164 Summit Ave., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Audrey Tierney
- Health Implementation Science and Technology Research Group, Human Nutrition and Dietetics School of Allied Health, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australia
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Ziliotto M, Chies JAB. HIV Infection, Chromosome Instability, and Micronucleus Formation. Viruses 2023; 15:155. [PMID: 36680195 PMCID: PMC9867034 DOI: 10.3390/v15010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is critical for proper cell functioning, and chromosome instability can lead to age-related diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Chromosome instability is caused by multiple factors, including replication stress, chromosome missegregation, exposure to pollutants, and viral infections. Although many studies have investigated the effects of environmental or lifestyle genotoxins on chromosomal integrity, information on the effects of viral infections on micronucleus formation and other chromosomal aberrations is still limited. Currently, HIV infection is considered a chronic disease treatable by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, HIV-infected individuals still face important health problems, such as chronic inflammation and age-related diseases. In this context, this article reviews studies that have evaluated genomic instability using micronucleus assays in the context of HIV infection. In brief, HIV can induce chromosome instability directly through the interaction of HIV proteins with host DNA and indirectly through chronic inflammation or as a result of ART use. Connections between HIV infection, immunosenescence and age-related disease are discussed in this article. The monitoring of HIV-infected individuals should consider the increased risk of chromosome instability, and lifestyle interventions, such as reduced exposure to genotoxins and an antioxidant-rich diet, should be considered. Therapies to reduce chronic inflammation in HIV infection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Effects of supplementing a healthy diet with pecan nuts or extra-virgin olive oil on inflammatory profile of patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:862-871. [PMID: 33971993 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of nuts and extra-virgin olive oil has been associated with suppression of inflammatory pathways that contribute to atherosclerosis, but its role on the modulation of the inflammatory profile in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding pecan nuts or extra-virgin olive oil to a healthy diet on inflammatory markers in patients with stable CAD. In this randomised clinical trial, 204 patients were enrolled to three study groups: sixty seven to control group (CG: healthy diet), sixty eight to pecan nuts group (PNG: 30 g/d of pecans + healthy diet) and sixty nine to extra-virgin olive oil group (OOG: 30 ml/d of extra-virgin olive oil + healthy diet). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP, in mg/l), fibrinogen (mg/dl), IL 2, 4, 6, 10 (pg/ml) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ, in pg/ml), IL-6/IL-10, IL-2/IL-4 and IFN-/γIL-4 ratios were evaluated at baseline and after the follow-up (12 weeks). As main results, after adjustment for sex, statin used and relative body weight variation, there were no differences between groups regarding inflammatory markers at the end of the study. IL-6 levels (primary outcome) were reduced in 12 weeks when compared with baseline in all study groups (CG: difference: -0·593 (se = 0·159) pg/dL; PNG: difference: -0·335 (se = 0·143) pg/dl; OOG: IL-6 difference: -0·325 (se = 0·143) pg/dl). In conclusion, there was no significant effect of including pecan nuts or extra virgin olive oil to a healthy diet on inflammatory markers in individuals with CAD.
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Khandouzi N, Zahedmehr A, Nasrollahzadeh J. Effect of polyphenol-rich extra-virgin olive oil on lipid profile and inflammatory biomarkers in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomised, controlled, clinical trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:548-558. [PMID: 33121297 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1841123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to compare the effects of high polyphenol extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) with low polyphenol refined olive oil (ROO) on some cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing coronary angiography. In a randomised, controlled, parallel-arm, clinical trial, 40 patients with at least one classic cardiovascular risk factor who referred to coronary angiography were randomly allocated to two groups and receied 25 mL EVOO or ROO daily for 6 weeks. Plasma LDL-cholesterol significantly reduced in EVOO group (-9.52 ± 20.44 vs 8.68 ± 18.77 mg/dL, p = .007 for EVOO and ROO respectively). EVOO resulted in a significant reduction in plasma CRP (-0.40 ± 0.52 vs 0.007 ± 0.42 mg/L, p = .01 for EVOO and ROO respectively) and increased ex-vivo whole blood LPS-stimulated IL-10 production (12.13 ± 33.64 vs -17.47 ± 49.04 pg/mL, p = .035 for EVOO and ROO respectively). Daily consumption of polyphenol-rich EVOO in subjects who have been under medical treatment with risk-reducing agents could additionally improve LDL-C and selected inflammatory markers. Trial Registration Number: NCT03796780.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Khandouzi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition, and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zahedmehr
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical & Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition, and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rus A, Molina F, Martínez-Ramírez MJ, Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME, Carmona R, del Moral ML. Effects of Olive Oil Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Fibromyalgia. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040918. [PMID: 32230754 PMCID: PMC7231107 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that patients with fibromyalgia (FM) may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Olive oil reportedly has cardioprotective effects. We examined the influence of olive oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in FM. This preliminary study was performed on blood samples of women with FM who consumed 50 mL of organic olive oil daily for 3 weeks. Patients were randomized into two groups: 15 women ingested extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and 15 refined olive oil (ROO). Cardiovascular risk markers were measured at baseline (pre measure) and after consumption of olive oil (post measure). Red blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; both p < 0.05) declined significantly post-treatment in the EVOO group. Consumption of ROO increased mean platelet volume and reduced platelet distribution width (PDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, ESR and fibrinogen (all p < 0.05). Significant differences were found in pre–post change between the EVOO and ROO groups for cortisol and PDW (both p < 0.05). Our results have shown that consumption of olive oil may have antithrombotic and antiinflammatory properties in patients with FM, thereby improving a number of cardiovascular risk markers. Both EVOO and ROO may be useful as adjuvants for the prevention and/or treatment of cardiovascular disorders in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rus
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.R.); (R.C.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco Molina
- Department of Health Science, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953-213654
| | | | - María Encarnación Aguilar-Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración, 60, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Ramón Carmona
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.R.); (R.C.)
| | - María Luisa del Moral
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
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The effects of extra virgin olive oil and canola oil on inflammatory markers and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:891-899. [PMID: 31901082 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an immune-mediated disease that causes inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Diet has an important role in the treatment of UC. This study aimed to compare the effects of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), as a functional food, with canola oil in the treatment of UC. SUBJECTS/METHODS Forty patients were participating in this crossover clinical trial. Thirty two patients completed two intervention rounds. Blood samples were taken before and after 20 days intervention. Disease activity score and gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated using the Mayo score and gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) respectively. RESULTS Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.03) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p < 0.001) were decreased significantly after EVOO consumption. Bloating, constipation, fecal urgency, incomplete defecation, and final GSRS were reduced significantly after EVOO consumption (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intake of EVOO decreased the inflammatory markers and improved gastrointestinal symptoms in UC patients. It seems this functional food can be beneficial in the treatment of UC as a complementary medicine.
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Olalla J, García de Lomas JM, Chueca N, Pérez-Stachowski X, De Salazar A, Del Arco A, Plaza-Díaz J, De la Torre J, Prada JL, García-Alegría J, Fernández-Sánchez F, García F. Effect of daily consumption of extra virgin olive oil on the lipid profile and microbiota of HIV-infected patients over 50 years of age. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17528. [PMID: 31626113 PMCID: PMC6824693 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has shown beneficial effects on the lipid profile and inflammatory parameters in general population. Our goal is to analyze these changes together with those of intestinal microbiota in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients over 50 years of age. METHODS Experimental single arm open study. HIV patients over the age of 50 with undetectable viral load were selected. EVOO was distributed among the patients so that each one consumed 50 g daily for 12 weeks. Lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), and intestinal microbiota composition were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS Total cholesterol decreased significantly (5 mg/dL), and a nonsignificant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (12 mg/dL), triglycerides (21 mg/dL), and CRP (1.25 mg/dL) was observed. There was a significant increase in alpha diversity after the intervention in men and a decrease in proinflammatory genera such as Dethiosulfovibrionaceae was observed. Differences were also observed in the microbiota of men and women and according to the type of antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSION Sustained consumption of 50 g of EVOO in elderly HIV-infected patients might be associated with an improvement in lipid profile and alfa diversity of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Olalla
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada
| | | | - José Luis Prada
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella
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Sharifi-Heris Z, Farahani LA, Haghani H, Abdoli-Oskouee S, Hasanpoor-Azghady SB. Comparison the effects of topical application of olive and calendula ointments on Children's diaper dermatitis: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Dermatol Ther 2018; 31:e12731. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sharifi-Heris
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Amiri Farahani
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Haghani
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Shahram Abdoli-Oskouee
- Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Seyedeh Batool Hasanpoor-Azghady
- Department of Reproductive Health and Midwifery; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Ganesan K, Sukalingam K, Xu B. Impact of consumption and cooking manners of vegetable oils on cardiovascular diseases- A critical review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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