Plasma Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha: A Valuable Predictor of Early Chemotherapy Effectiveness in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Expression of extracellular HSP90α in pre- and post-treatment samples of driver-gene-negative non-small cell lung cancer

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the significance of the expression of pre- and post-treatment eHSP90α in the treatment response evaluation and prognosis of driver-gene-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as well as the significance of eHSP90α expression in the prognosis of immunotherapy.

METHODS

We collected pre-treatment eHSP90α in 330 driver-gene-negative NSCLC patients and analyzed its relationship with efficacy evaluation and prognosis. Survival curves were used to determine their respective critical values and the relationship between eHSP90α expression and OS and PFS was analyzed. Then, univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses and LASSO multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to establish the prognostic and efficacy evaluation models.

RESULTS

High expression of pre-treatment eHSP90α in driver-gene-negative NSCLC patients is associated with shorter OS. Pre-treatment eHSP90α, immunotherapy, TTF-1, CA125, and age influence OS in NSCLC patients. In the stratified analysis of immunotherapy, pre-treatment eHSP90α in immunotherapy is an independent influencing factor of OS in NSCLC patients, and pre-treatment eHSP90α, age, CA125, and B lymphocytes in non-immunotherapy are independent influencing factors of OS in NSCLC patients. High expression of pre-treatment eHSP90α in NSCLC patients is associated with shorter PFS. Pre-treatment eHSP90α, M1, Ki-67, and immunotherapy are independent influencing factors of PFS in NSCLC patients. In the stratified analysis of immunotherapy, pre-treatment eHSP90α and CEA in immunotherapy are independent influencing factors of PFS in NSCLC patients, and pre-treatment eHSP90α, M1, Ki-67, CA125, Th/Ts, and age in non-immunotherapy are independent factors affecting PFS in NSCLC patients. Pre-treatment eHSP90α was one of the influencing factors in the efficacy evaluation model.

CONCLUSIONS

The expression of pre-treatment eHSP90α has significant significance for the prognosis and efficacy evaluation of driver-gene-negative NSCLC.

[Therapeutic mechanism of aqueous extract of Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang root for pancreatic cancer: the active components, therapeutic targets and pathways]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the key targets and signaling pathways in the therapeutic mechanism of Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang (SC) root against pancreatic cancer network pharmacology and molecular docking studies and cell experiments.

METHODS

The targets of SC and pancreatic cancer were predicted using the network pharmacological database, the protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and pathways, functional enrichment and molecular docking analyses were performed. CCK-8 assay was used to test the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of SC root on 8 cancer cell lines, and its effects on invasion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells were evaluated. Western blotting was performed to verify the results of network pharmacology analysis.

RESULTS

We identified a total of 18 active components in SC, which regulated 21 potential key targets in pancreatic cancer. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that these targets were involved mainly in the biological processes including protein phosphorylation, signal transduction, and apoptosis and participated in cancer signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Among the 8 cancer cell lines, The aqueous extract of SC root produced the most obvious inhibitory effect in pancreatic cancer cells, and significantly inhibited the invasion, migration, and proliferation and promoted apoptosis of pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells (P < 0.05). Western blotting confirmed that SC significantly inhibited the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT in Panc-1 cells (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The therapeutic effect of SC root against pancreatic cancer effects is mediated by its multiple components that act on different targets and pathways including the PI3K-Akt pathway.

eHSP90α in front-line therapy in EGFR exon 19 deletion and 21 Leu858Arg mutations in advanced lung adenocarcinoma

PURPOSE

Extracellular heat shock protein 90 AA1(eHSP90α) is intricately linked to tumor progression and prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the difference in the value of eHSP90α in post-treatment response assessment and prognosis prediction between exon 19 deletion(19DEL) and exon 21 Leu858Arg(L858R) mutation types in lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD).

METHODS

We analyzed the relationship between the expression of eHSP90α and clinicopathological features in 89 patients with L858R mutation and 196 patients with 19DEL mutation in LUAD. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to determine their respective cut-off values and analyze the relationship between eHSP90α expression and the survival time of the two mutation types. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of biomarkers. Then, the prognostic model was developed using the univariate-Cox multivariate-Cox and LASSO-multivariate logistic methods.

RESULTS

In LUAD patients, eHSP90α was positively correlated with carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125), and carbohydrate antigen 153(CA153). The truncated values of eHSP90α in L858R and 19DEL patients were 44.5 ng/mL and 40.8 ng/mL, respectively. Among L858R patients, eHSP90α had the best diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.765), and higher eHSP90α and T helper cells(Th cells) expression were significantly related to shorter overall survival(OS) and worse treatment response. Also, high eHSP90a expression and short progression-free survival(PFS) were significantly correlated. Among 19DEL patients, CEA had the best diagnostic efficacy (AUC = 0.734), and CEA and Th cells were independent prognostic factors that predicted shorter OS. Furthermore, high CA125 was significantly associated with short PFS and poor curative effect.

CONCLUSIONS

eHSP90α has a better prognostic value in LUAD L858R patients than 19DEL, which provides a new idea for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Improvement in the performance of an autoantibody panel in combination with heat shock protein 90a for the detection of early‑stage lung cancer

The early diagnosis of lung cancer is closely associated with the decline of mortality. A panel consisting of seven lung cancer-related autoantibodies (7-AABs) has been shown to be a reliable and specific indicator for the early detection of lung cancer, with a specificity of ~90% and a positive predictive value of ~85%. However, its low sensitivity and negative predictive value limit its wide application. To improve its diagnostic value, the diagnostic efficiencies of 7-AABs in combination with non-specific tumor markers were retrospectively investigated for the detection of early-stage lung cancer. A total of 217 patients with small lung nodules who presented with ground-glass opacity or solid nodules as well as 30 healthy controls were studied. The concentrations of 7-AABs and heat shock protein 90a (HSP90a) were assessed using ELISA. Automated flow fluorescence immune analysis was used for the assessment of CEA, CYFRA21-1, CA199 and CA125 levels. The results showed that 7-AABs + HSP90a possessed a remarkably improved diagnostic efficiency for patients with small pulmonary nodules or for patients with lung nodules of different types, which suggested that 7-AABs in combination with HSP90a could have a high clinical value for the improvement of the diagnostic efficiency of early-stage lung cancer.

Circ-HSP90A expedites cell growth, stemness, and immune evasion in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating STAT3 signaling and PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important participators in tumor progression for their stable structure and high tissue-specific expression. The purpose of this research was to clarify the potential and mechanism of a novel circRNA-circ-HSP90A in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

Biological potentials of circ-HSP90A in NSCLC were measured by functional assays. Molecular interaction was assessed by bioinformatics analysis and mechanical assays.

RESULTS

Results depicted that circ-HSP90A was cyclization from its host gene heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90A) and was up-regulated in NSCLC cells. Circ-HSP90A depletion retarded proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Mechanistically, circ-HSP90A recruited ubiquitin specific peptidase 30 (USP30) to stabilize HSP90A and then stimulated the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Meanwhile, circ-HSP90A sponged miR-424-5p to programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study firstly showed that circ-HSP90A promoted cell growth, stemness, and immune evasion in NSCLC through regulating STAT3 signaling and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 checkpoint, mirroring that targeting circ-HSP90A might become a novel target of immunotherapy in NSCLC.

Analysis of the prognostic, diagnostic and immunological role of HSP90α in malignant tumors

Heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α) encoded by the HSP90AA1 gene, is the stress inducible isoform of the molecular chaperone HSP90, and was demonstrated as a promising hallmark to diagnose, prognosis in malignant tumors. This study is to evaluate the value of HSP90α in diagnosis, prognosis and immunotherapy of malignant tumors by investigating the expression of HSP90α in plasma of various tumors and analyzing the expression of HSP90α at gene and protein levels via pan-cancer database. We founded that levels of HSP90α in malignant tumors groups were significantly higher than healthy controls in serum. Pan-cancer analysis showed that HSP90AA1 was highly expressed in 27 of 33 tumors, but low in individual cancers (such as renal malignancies). The plasma HSP90α level was positively correlated with the stage of malignant tumor, but there was no significant difference between HSP90AA1 and the stage of most tumors. Cox regression analysis showed that HSP90AA1 expression was significantly correlated with OS in only 6 of the 32 cancers, including LIHC, KIRC, HNSC, LUAD, BRCA and MESO. Up-regulation of HSP90AA1 in most tumors was positively correlated with PDCD1LG2 and CD274 immune checkpoint genes. T cell CD8+ was positively correlated with HSP90AA1 in COAD, DLBC and UVM, and negatively correlated with HSP90AA1 in ESCA, GBM, HNSC, KIRC, KIRP, UCEC and STAD. The AUC of HSP90α are generally high in different tumor groups, which indicated its diagnostic value in malignant tumors. In conclusion, serum HSP90α in patients with malignant tumor is generally elevated, which is of positive significance as an independent diagnosis and combined diagnosis. However, we found that the expression level of HSP90AA1 gene in most tumors was not completely consistent with the serum level, and even down-regulated in some tumors. Plasma levels can be used as biomarkers of poor prognosis in some tumors, but it cannot be used as a biomarker for poor prognosis of all tumors, and more in-depth studies are needed.

Extracellular Heat Shock Protein-90 (eHsp90): Everything You Need to Know

“Extracellular” Heat Shock Protein-90 (Hsp90) was initially reported in the 1970s but was not formally recognized until 2008 at the 4th International Conference on The Hsp90 Chaperone Machine (Monastery Seeon, Germany). Studies presented under the topic of “extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90)” at the conference provided direct evidence for eHsp90’s involvement in cancer invasion and skin wound healing. Over the past 15 years, studies have focused on the secretion, action, biological function, therapeutic targeting, preclinical evaluations, and clinical utility of eHsp90 using wound healing, tissue fibrosis, and tumour models both in vitro and in vivo. eHsp90 has emerged as a critical stress-responding molecule targeting each of the pathophysiological conditions. Despite the studies, our current understanding of several fundamental questions remains little beyond speculation. Does eHsp90 indeed originate from purposeful live cell secretion or rather from accidental dead cell leakage? Why did evolution create an intracellular chaperone that also functions as a secreted factor with reported extracellular duties that might be (easily) fulfilled by conventional secreted molecules? Is eHsp90 a safer and more optimal drug target than intracellular Hsp90 chaperone? In this review, we summarize how much we have learned about eHsp90, provide our conceptual views of the findings, and make recommendations on the future studies of eHsp90 for clinical relevance.

Plasmatic Levels of HSP90α at Diagnosis: A Novel Prognostic Indicator of Clinical Outcome in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients Treated With PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors Plus Chemotherapy

Background

The purpose of this study was set to investigate the prognostic role of plasmatic levels of heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α) at diagnosis in advanced lung cancer patients treated with Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/Programmed cell death-Ligand protein 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors plus chemotherapy.

Methods

A total of 137 advanced lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy admitted to the Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital were enrolled in this study. Smooth curve fitting was conducted to address the nonlinearity of HSP90α and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). We calculated the inflection point using a recursive algorithm. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to assess the prognostic value of HSP90α for PFS and OS. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between high HSP90α and disease progression and death risk.

Results

The average age of patients was 58.6 ± 9.8 years, and 73.7% of them were men. We divided patients according to their plasmatic levels of HSP90α into low (HSP90α <52.7 ng/ml) group and high (HSP90α ≥52.7 ng/ml) group. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a shorter PFS and OS for the high group with log-rank P < 0.05. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that high HSP90α was associated with an increased risk of disease progression and death after fully adjusting potential confounders with hazard ratio (HR) 1.8 (95% CI = 1.0–3.2) and HR 2.4 (95% CI = 1.1–5.1), respectively (P < 0.05). After stratification by subgroup analysis, the relationship between high HSP90α and the risk of disease progression and death was consistent across all patient subgroups.

Conclusion

Plasmatic levels of HSP90α at diagnosis can be considered a potential independent prognostic marker of advanced lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy. A further large-scale prospective validation study is needed to determine whether these results are widely applicable.

Potential predictive value of plasma heat shock protein 90α in lung cancer

Objective

Heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α) is associated with cancer development, progression, and metastasis. This study assessed the relationships of plasma HSP90α levels with treatment efficacy and prognosis in lung cancer.

Methods

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 231 patients with lung cancer were enrolled from 1 September 2016 to 31 December 2019. HSP90α levels were measured before and after treatment, and their relationships with outcomes were assessed.

Results

Patients with elevated HSP90α levels before treatment had a better overall response rate (ORR, 44.1% vs. 30.6%), whereas the disease control rate did not differ between patients with elevated and normal HSP90α levels (81% vs. 78.5%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.9 months in patients with elevated baseline HSP90α levels, versus 9 months in patients with normal HSP90α levels, whereas the median overall survival (OS) times in these groups were 12 and 14.1 months, respectively. Concerning HSP90α levels after treatment, ORR (20% vs. 47.1%) and DCR (67.3% vs. 90.9%) were lower in patients with increased HSP90α levels, and PFS and OS were also significantly different between the groups.

Conclusions

HSP90α levels before and after treatment were associated with treatment response and patient prognosis in lung cancer.