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McLaughlin MR, Weaver SA, Syed F, Evans-Molina C. Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Subcellular Organelle Structure in Pancreatic Islet β Cells. Compr Physiol 2023; 14:5243-5267. [PMID: 38158370 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 32.3 million individuals in the United States, creating an economic burden of nearly $966 billion in 2021. T2D results from a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell. However, genetic and physiologic data indicate that defects in β cell function are the chief determinant of whether an individual with insulin resistance will progress to a diagnosis of T2D. The subcellular organelles of the insulin secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules, play a critical role in maintaining the heavy biosynthetic burden of insulin production, processing, and secretion. In addition, the mitochondria enable the process of insulin release by integrating the metabolism of nutrients into energy output. Advanced imaging techniques are needed to determine how changes in the structure and composition of these organelles contribute to the loss of insulin secretory capacity in the β cell during T2D. Several microscopy techniques, including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and soft X-ray tomography, have been utilized to investigate the structure-function relationship within the β cell. In this overview article, we will detail the methodology, strengths, and weaknesses of each approach. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5243-5267, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R McLaughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Staci A Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Makida S, Kametani K, Hosotani M, Takahashi N, Iwasaki T, Hasegawa Y, Takaya T, Ueda H, Watanabe T. Three-dimensional structural analysis of mitochondria composing each subtype of fast-twitch muscle fibers in chicken. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:809-816. [PMID: 35418525 PMCID: PMC9246695 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, the three-dimensional structures of mitochondria in type I and type IIb muscle fibers of chicken were analyzed. The study reported differences in the shape of the mitochondria and the distribution of lipid droplets. In this study, we three-dimensionally analyzed mitochondria and lipid droplets of type II muscle fiber subtypes IIa, IIb, and IIc of chicken lateral iliotibial muscle in the same field of view using correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) and array tomography methods. The reconstructed images showed that the mitochondria of type IIa muscle fiber were thick and aligned along the myofibrils, and many lipid droplets were embedded in the mitochondria. The mitochondria of type IIb muscle fibers were intermittent, aligned along the myofibrils, and showed contact between adjacent horizontal mitochondria. No lipid droplets were observed in type IIb muscle fiber. In type IIc muscle fiber, we observed irregularly shaped mitochondria with small diameters aligned along the myofibrils. Lipid droplets not only were embedded in the mitochondria but also existed independently in some cases. The combination of array tomography and CLEM methods enabled three-dimensional electron microscopic observation of mitochondria in different subtypes of type II muscle fibers. The subtypes of type II muscle fibers differed in mitochondrial occupancy and morphology and in lipid droplet distribution, and characteristics that had been demonstrated biochemically were also demonstrated ultrastructurally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Makida
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kiyokazu Kametani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Tomohito Iwasaki
- Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University
| | - Hiromi Ueda
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
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Boontem P, Yamashima T. Hydroxynonenal causes Langerhans cell degeneration in the pancreas of Japanese macaque monkeys. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245702. [PMID: 34748564 PMCID: PMC8575276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For their functions of insulin biosynthesis and glucose- and fatty acid- mediated insulin secretion, Langerhans β-cells require an intracellular milieu rich in oxygen. This requirement makes β-cells, with their constitutively low antioxidative defense, susceptible to the oxidative stress. Although much progress has been made in identifying its molecular basis in experimental systems, whether the oxidative stress due to excessive fatty acids plays a crucial role in the Langerhans cell degeneration in primates is still debated. Methods Focusing on Hsp70.1, which has dual functions as molecular chaperone and lysosomal stabilizer, the mechanism of lipotoxicity to Langerhans cells was studied using macaque monkeys after the consecutive injections of the lipid peroxidation product ‘hydroxynonenal’. Based on the ‘calpain-cathepsin hypothesis’ formulated in 1998, calpain activation, Hsp70.1 cleavage, and lysosomal integrity were studied by immunofluorescence histochemistry, electron microscopy, and Western blotting. Results Light microscopy showed more abundant vacuole formation in the hydroxynonenal-treated islet cells than the control cells. Electron microscopy showed that vacuolar changes, which were identified as enlarged rough ER, occurred mainly in β-cells followed by δ-cells. Intriguingly, both cell types showed a marked decrease in insulin and somatostatin granules. Furthermore, they exhibited marked increases in peroxisomes, autophagosomes/autolysosomes, lysosomal and peroxisomal membrane rupture/permeabilization, and mitochondrial degeneration. Disrupted peroxisomes were often localized in the close vicinity of degenerating mitochondria or autolysosomes. Immunofluorescence histochemical analysis showed an increased co-localization of activated μ-calpain and Hsp70.1 with the extralysosomal release of cathepsin B. Western blotting showed increases in μ-calpain activation, Hsp70.1 cleavage, and expression of the hydroxynonenal receptor GPR109A. Conclusions Taken together, these data implicate hydroxynonenal in both oxidation of Hsp70.1 and activation of μ-calpain. The calpain-mediated cleavage of the carbonylated Hsp70.1, may cause lysosomal membrane rupture/permeabilization. The low defense of primate Langerhans cells against hydroxynonenal and peroxisomally-generated hydrogen peroxide, was presumably overwhelmed to facilitate cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsumori Yamashima
- Departments of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Kanazawa, Japan
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Milanda T, Safrudin AD, Samudra G, Sumiwi SA, Muchtaridi M. Sub-chronic toxicity of Garcinia atroviridis Griff Fruit's ethanol extract on Wistar rats ( Ratus norvegicus). J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2019; 10:178-183. [PMID: 31742118 PMCID: PMC6844002 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_70_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia atroviridis Griff. (GA) is a tropical fruit that commonly used as a traditional medicine to this day. This study was conducted to determine the sub-chronic toxicity effect of GA fruits ethanol extract on body weight, clinical hematology and biochemical parameters, and organ's histopathology. This study is an experimental research by oral treatments for 90 days with completely randomized design. The treatment group consists of five classes. Each class was given the treatment with a dosage of 50 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg BW, 800 mg/kg BW and satellite group with 2% PGA, or 800 mg/kgBW. Based on ANOVA and advanced Tukey test results using SPSS, the hematological parameters such as mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and white blood cell had significant differences with the control group. In the biochemical parameters, the serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase values and triglycerides (in male rats), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and creatinine (in female rats) had significant differences with the control group. In conclusion, GA fruits ethanol extract is safe and non toxic to body weight, clinical hematology and biochemical parameters, and histopathology of ten organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana Milanda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Asti Destilia Safrudin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Galih Samudra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Sri Adi Sumiwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Nguyen HB, Thai TQ, Sui Y, Azuma M, Fujiwara K, Ohno N. Methodological Improvements With Conductive Materials for Volume Imaging of Neural Circuits by Electron Microscopy. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:108. [PMID: 30532696 PMCID: PMC6265348 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in electron microscope volume imaging, such as serial imaging using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), have facilitated the acquisition of three-dimensional ultrastructural information of biological samples. These advancements help build a comprehensive understanding of the functional structures in entire organelles, cells, organs and organisms, including large-scale wiring maps of neural circuitry in various species. Advanced volume imaging of biological specimens has often been limited by artifacts and insufficient contrast, which are partly caused by problems in staining, serial sectioning and electron beam irradiation. To address these issues, methods of sample preparation have been modified and improved in order to achieve better resolution and higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in large tissue volumes. These improvements include the development of new embedding media for electron microscope imaging that have desirable physical properties such as less deformation in the electron beam and higher stability for sectioning. The optimization of embedding media involves multiple resins and filler materials including biological tissues, metallic particles and conductive carbon black. These materials alter the physical properties of the embedding media, such as conductivity, which reduces specimen charge, ameliorates damage to sections, reduces image deformation and results in better ultrastructural data. These improvements and further studies to improve electron microscope volume imaging methods provide options for better scale, quality and throughput in the three-dimensional ultrastructural analyses of biological samples. These efforts will enable a deeper understanding of neuronal circuitry and the structural foundation of basic and higher brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy (UMP), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yang Sui
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Morio Azuma
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Methods for array tomography with correlative light and electron microscopy. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 52:8-14. [PMID: 29855715 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional ultra-structure is the comprehensive structure that cannot be observed from a two-dimensional electron micrograph. Array tomography is one method for three-dimensional electron microscopy. In this method, to obtain consecutive cross sections of tissue, connected consecutive sections of a resin block are mounted on a flat substrate, and these are observed with scanning electron microscopy. Although array tomography requires some bothersome manual procedures to prepare specimens, a recent study has introduced some techniques to ease specimen preparation. In addition, array tomography has some advantages compared with other three-dimensional electron microscopy techniques. For example, sections on the substrate are stored semi-eternally, so they can be observed at different magnifications. Furthermore, various staining methods, including post-embedding immunocytochemistry, can be adopted. In the present review, the preparation of specimens for array tomography, including ribbon collection and the staining method, and the adaptability for correlative light and electron microscopy are discussed.
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