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Li Vigni L, Daskalopoulou K, Calabrese S, Kyriakopoulos K, Bellomo S, Brusca L, Brugnone F, D'Alessandro W. Characterization of trace elements in thermal and mineral waters of Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27829-x. [PMID: 37268809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural thermal and mineral waters are widely distributed along the Hellenic region and are related to the geodynamic regime of the country. The diverse lithological and tectonic settings they are found in reflect the great variability in their chemical and isotopic composition. The current study presents 276 (published and unpublished) trace element water data and discusses the sources and processes affecting the water by taking into consideration the framework of their geographic distribution. The dataset is divided in groups using temperature- and pH-related criteria. Results yield a wide range of concentrations, often related to the solubility properties of the individual elements and the factors impacting them (i.e. temperature, acidity, redox conditions and salinity). Many elements (e.g. alkalis, Ti, Sr, As and Tl) present a good correlation with temperature, which is in cases impacted by water rock interactions, while others (e.g. Be, Al, Cu, Se, Cd) exhibit either no relation or an inverse correlation with T possibly because they become oversaturated at higher temperatures in solid phases. A moderately constant inverse correlation is noticed for the vast majority of trace elements and pH, whereas no relationship between trace element concentrations and Eh was found. Seawater contamination and water-rock interaction seem to be the main natural processes that influence both salinity and elemental content. All in all, Greek thermomineral waters exceed occasionally the accepted limits representing in such cases serious harm to the environment and probably indirectly (through the water cycle) to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyriaki Daskalopoulou
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, GeoForschungs Zentrum, Helmholtzstraße 6/7, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sergio Calabrese
- DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ano Ilissia, Panestimioupolis, Greece
| | - Sergio Bellomo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brusca
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Walter D'Alessandro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy.
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Vigni LL, Daskalopoulou K, Calabrese S, Kyriakopoulos K, Parello F, Brugnone F, D'Alessandro W. Geochemical characterisation of the thermo-mineral waters of Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2111-2133. [PMID: 34117974 PMCID: PMC9177495 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Geothermal areas of Greece are located in regions affected by recent volcanism and in continental basins characterised by elevated heat flow. Many of them are found along the coast, and thus, water is often saline due to marine intrusion. In the current study, we present about 300 unpublished and literature data from thermal and cold mineral waters collected along Greece. Samples were analysed for major ions, Li, SiO2 and isotopes in water. Measured temperatures range from 6.5 to 98 °C, pH from 1.96 to 11.98, while Total Dissolved Solutes (TDS) from 0.22 to 51 g/L. Waters were subdivided into four main groups: (1) thermal; (2) cold; (3) acidic (pH < 5); and (4) hyperalkaline (pH > 11). On statistical basis, thermal waters were subdivided into subgroups according to both their temperature [warm (< 29 °C), hypothermal (29-48 °C), thermal (48-75 °C) and hyperthermal (> 75 °C)] and TDS [low salinity (< 4 g/L), brackish (4-30 g/L) and saline (> 30 g/L)]. Cold waters were subdivided based on their pCO2 [low (< 0.05 atm), medium (0.05-0.85 atm) and high (> 0.85 atm)]. δ18O-H2O ranges from - 12.7 to + 2.7‰ versus SMOW, while δ2H-H2O from - 91 to + 12‰ versus SMOW being generally comprised between the Global Meteoric Water Line and the East Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line. Positive δ18O shifts with respect to the former are mostly related to mixing with seawater, while only for a few samples these shifts point to high-temperature water-rock interaction processes. Only a few thermal waters gave reliable geothermometric estimates, suggesting reservoir temperatures between 80 and 260 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyriaki Daskalopoulou
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam Golm, Germany
- GeoForschungs Zentrum, Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Helmholtzstraße 6/7, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sergio Calabrese
- University of Palermo, DiSTeM, via Archirafi 36, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Geofisica E Vulcanologia, Sezione Di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panestimioupolis, Ano Ilissia, Greece
| | | | | | - Walter D'Alessandro
- Istituto Nazionale Di Geofisica E Vulcanologia, Sezione Di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy.
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