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Sevarika M, Giannotti P, Lucchi A, Romani R. The Antennal Sensory Structures of Female Anagyrus vladimiri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1138. [PMID: 36555048 PMCID: PMC9782253 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) encompasses a large group of parasitic wasps widely used in biocontrol programs of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Anagyrus vladimiri is a solitary parasitoid that attacks and develops on several mealybugs of economic importance. Thus, this species is widely used as a biocontrol agent of Planococcus spp. and Pseudococcus spp. A. vladimiri males and females show sexual dimorphism with regard to the antennal organization, in terms of shape and the development of antennomeres. Ultrastructural investigations of female antennae, carried out with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, revealed the presence of nine distinct antennomeres. The scape was enlarged and paddle-like, compared to the other antennomeres. The club (the apical antennomere) was mono-segmented and housed the highest number of sensilla. Eight morphologically different types of sensilla were described; sensilla trichoidea I, trichoidea II, chaetica I, chaetica II, grooved peg sensilla, campaniform sensilla, multiporous plate sensilla and multiporous basiconic sensilla. Ultrastructural investigations allowed for us to assign a specific function to each type of sensilla. The most abundant type of sensilla were sensilla trichoidea I and multiporous plate sensilla. We also found two types of sensilla (multiporous basiconic sensilla and sensilla chaetica II) that were present only on the females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Giannotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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Lucchi A, Suma P, Ladurner E, Iodice A, Savino F, Ricciardi R, Cosci F, Marchesini E, Conte G, Benelli G. Managing the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus, through pheromone-mediated mating disruption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10708-10718. [PMID: 30778939 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vine mealybug (VMB), Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a key insect pest of vineyards. While pheromone-based mating disruption (MD) has been successfully tested against a wide range of insect pests, knowledge about its efficacy against key mealybug species, such as P. ficus, is scarce. In this study, a novel MD product, Isonet® PF, was evaluated by testing 300, 400, and 500 dispensers/ha at four study sites located in Northern (Veneto) and Southern (Sicily) Italy. Experiments were carried out over 2 years by monitoring the mealybug populations in wine grape and table grape vineyards managed with and without the application of MD. Pheromone dispensers were periodically collected during the grapevine-growing season, extracted, and analyzed by GC-MS, to determine their pheromone content and the release in mg/ha/day. The results showed that use of the MD dispenser Isonet® PF reduced the percentage of VMB-infested bunches and the number of VMB specimens per bunch compared with the untreated controls. This was recorded over 2 years at all experimental sites. Differences in the incidence of infested bunches among the three tested rates of Isonet® PF were not detected. Overall, the results presented here contribute to optimizing the sex pheromone dosage used in MD control programs against VMB allowing a reduction of broad-spectrum insecticides currently employed to manage this important pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pompeo Suma
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 100, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Edith Ladurner
- Biogard Division, CBC (Europe) Srl, via E. Majorana 2, 20834, Nova Milanese, MB, Italy
| | - Andrea Iodice
- Biogard Division, CBC (Europe) Srl, via E. Majorana 2, 20834, Nova Milanese, MB, Italy
| | - Francesco Savino
- Biogard Division, CBC (Europe) Srl, via E. Majorana 2, 20834, Nova Milanese, MB, Italy
| | - Renato Ricciardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Cosci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchesini
- AGREA S.r.l. Centro Studi, via Garibaldi 5/16, 37057, San Giovanni Lupatoto, VR, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Mansour R, Grissa-Lebdi K, Khemakhem M, Chaari I, Trabelsi I, Sabri A, Marti S. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Tunisian vineyards: Effect on insect population dynamics. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cocco A, Lentini A, Serra G. Mating disruption of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in vineyards using reservoir pheromone dispensers. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:144. [PMID: 25347835 PMCID: PMC5443473 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mating disruption field experiments to control the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), were carried out in 2008 and 2009 in two commercial vineyards in Sardinia (Italy). The effectiveness of mating disruption was evaluated by testing reservoir dispensers loaded with 100 mg (62.5 g/ha) and 150 mg (93.8 g/ha) of the sex pheromone in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The number of males captured in pheromone traps, the P. ficus population density and age structure, the parasitism rate, the percentage of ovipositing females, and the crop damage were compared between disrupted and untreated plots. In both field trials, the number of males captured in mating disruption plots was significantly reduced by 86% and 95%, respectively. Mating disruption at the initial dose of 62.5 g/ha of active ingredient gave inconclusive results, whereas the dose of 93.8 g/ha significantly lowered the mealybug density and modified the age structure, which showed a lower percentage of ovipositing females and a higher proportion of preovipositing females. Mating disruption did not affect negatively the parasitism rate, which was higher in the disrupted than in the control plots (>1.5-fold). Crop damage at harvest was very low in both field trials and did not differ between treatments. Mating disruption was effective in wide plots protected with dispensers loaded with 150 mg of the sex pheromone, showing its potential to be included in the overall integrated control programs in Mediterranean wine-growing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Cocco
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Lentini
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Serra
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, UOS di Sassari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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