Generic model for biological regulation

The Relationship Between Biological Noise and Its Application: Understanding System Failures and Suggesting a Method to Enhance Functionality Based on the Constrained Disorder Principle

The Constrained Disorder Principle (CDP) offers a new framework for understanding how biological systems use and manage noise to maintain optimal functionality. This review explores the relationship between noise and biological systems at various scales, including genetic, cellular, and organ levels, and its implications for system malfunctions. According to the CDP, all systems require an optimal range of noise to function appropriately, and disease states can arise when these noise levels are disrupted. This review presents evidence supporting this principle across different biological contexts, such as genetic variability, cellular behavior, brain functions, human behavior, aging, evolution, and drug administration. For accurate clinical assessments, it is essential to distinguish between technical variability and intrinsic biological variability. When noise is adequately constrained, it serves as a fundamental mechanism for system adaptation and optimal functioning rather than simply a source of disruption. These findings have important implications for developing more effective therapeutic strategies and understanding biological systems' dynamics. CDP-based second-generation artificial intelligence systems can help regulate noise levels to address malfunctions. These systems have improved clinical outcomes in various conditions by incorporating controlled randomness. Understanding these patterns of variability has significant implications for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies across various medical conditions.

Delineation of the CENP-LN sub-complex dissociation mechanism upon multisite phosphorylation during mitosis

Phosphorylation is the most prevalent form of regulation in cells, organizing virtually all cellular functions, including survival, motility, differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism. This regulatory function has been largely conserved from the primitive single-cell to the more complex multicellular organisms. More than a third of proteins in eukaryotes are phosphorylated, and essentially every class of protein undergoes regulation by phosphorylation. A decline in the cellular level of CENP-L and CENP-N (components of the constitutive centromere associated network) has earlier been reported and linked to cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phosphorylation upon transition into mitosis. Given the importance of posttranslational modifications in cell cycle regulation, mechanistic comprehension of the impact of phosphorylation on both proteins (CENP-L and CENP-N) is of high significance. Through the application of diverse computational analytical techniques, including atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, the mechanism of kinetochore mis-localization and dissociation of the CENP-LN sub-complex in mitosis was delineated. We showed that the phosphorylation of both components of the sub-complex induces global conformational destabilizing effects on the proteins, combined with changes in the electrostatic potential and increase in steric clashes around the protein-protein interaction interface. This, consistent with earlier experimental reports, suggest that the multisite phosphorylation of the CENP-LN sub-complex plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell division.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Individual Genetic Heterogeneity

Genetic variation has been widely covered in literature, however, not from the perspective of an individual in any species. Here, a synthesis of genetic concepts and variations relevant for individual genetic constitution is provided. All the different levels of genetic information and variation are covered, ranging from whether an organism is unmixed or hybrid, has variations in genome, chromosomes, and more locally in DNA regions, to epigenetic variants or alterations in selfish genetic elements. Genetic constitution and heterogeneity of microbiota are highly relevant for health and wellbeing of an individual. Mutation rates vary widely for variation types, e.g., due to the sequence context. Genetic information guides numerous aspects in organisms. Types of inheritance, whether Mendelian or non-Mendelian, zygosity, sexual reproduction, and sex determination are covered. Functions of DNA and functional effects of variations are introduced, along with mechanism that reduce and modulate functional effects, including TARAR countermeasures and intraindividual genetic conflict. TARAR countermeasures for tolerance, avoidance, repair, attenuation, and resistance are essential for life, integrity of genetic information, and gene expression. The genetic composition, effects of variations, and their expression are considered also in diseases and personalized medicine. The text synthesizes knowledge and insight on individual genetic heterogeneity and organizes and systematizes the central concepts.