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Sandes V, Figueras A, Lima EC. Pharmacovigilance Strategies to Address Resistance to Antibiotics and Inappropriate Use-A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:457. [PMID: 38786184 PMCID: PMC11117530 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global challenge. Close and continuous surveillance for quick detection of AMR can be difficult, especially in remote places. This narrative review focuses on the contributions of pharmacovigilance (PV) as an auxiliary tool for identifying and monitoring the ineffectiveness, resistance, and inappropriate use of antibiotics (ABs). The terms "drug ineffective", "therapeutic failure", "drug resistance", "pathogen resistance", and "multidrug resistance" were found in PV databases and dictionaries, denoting ineffectiveness. These terms cover a range of problems that should be better investigated because they are useful in warning about possible causes of AMR. "Medication errors", especially those related to dose and indication, and "Off-label use" are highlighted in the literature, suggesting inappropriate use of ABs. Hence, the included studies show that the terms of interest related to AMR and use are not only present but frequent in PV surveillance programs. This review illustrates the feasibility of using PV as a complementary tool for antimicrobial stewardship activities, especially in scenarios where other resources are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valcieny Sandes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho-373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, RJ, Brazil;
- National Cancer Institute, Pr. da Cruz Vermelha-23, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Elisangela Costa Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho-373, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, RJ, Brazil;
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Beccia F, Regazzi L, Marziali E, Beccia V, Pascucci D, Mores N, Vetrugno G, Laurenti P. BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Safety among Healthcare Workers of a Tertiary Hospital in Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020477. [PMID: 36851354 PMCID: PMC9964542 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people have died because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The vaccination campaign helped tackle the pandemic and saved millions of lives. In a retrospective pharmacovigilance study, we explored the safety of the BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) vaccine among healthcare workers (HCWs) in a large Italian teaching hospital, and 2428 Adverse Events Reports (AERs) filed by HCWs after the administration of the first dose of vaccine were collected and analyzed, reporting the results quantitively and comparing them to the vaccine Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). Spearman's correlation coefficients were computed to investigate the correlation among reported adverse effects, and recurrent clusters of symptoms were investigated through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and k-means Cluster Analysis. The BNT162b2 vaccine's safety profile was favorable, with predominant reports of early onset, mild, non-serious and short-term resolved symptoms. We observed higher than the expected frequency for various non-serious undesirable effects, especially among those listed and classified as less common in the SPC. Furthermore, we identified three clusters of adverse effects that were frequently reported together, defined by the presence/absence of fatigue, malaise, localized pain, chills, pyrexia, insomnia, nausea and injection site pain. Post-marketing pharmacovigilance activities, together with targeted public health interventions, can be valuable tools to promote vaccination and improve the control of the spread of the pandemic, especially in sensitive settings and populations such as hospitals and healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Beccia
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Regazzi
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Marziali
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Viria Beccia
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Pascucci
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Mores
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vetrugno
- Risk Management Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Laurenti
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Khan MAA, Hamid S, Khan SA, Sarfraz M, Babar ZUD. A Qualitative Study of Stakeholders' Views on Pharmacovigilance System, Policy, and Coordination in Pakistan. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891954. [PMID: 35754475 PMCID: PMC9218668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Due to the absence of necessary rules, poor coordination, and various challenges, the pharmacovigilance system of Pakistan is not optimally functional at all levels of the health system. The objective of the study was to assess the stakeholders’ perceptions of the current ADR reporting system and to identify the pharmacovigilance policy issues and problems of effective coordination. Methodology: Stakeholders from a broad range of disciplines, academia, regulatory authorities, the pharmaceutical industry, international health organizations, as well as pharmacovigilance experts, and healthcare professionals were included in the study. A total of 25 stakeholders throughout Pakistan were interviewed during exploratory semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded digitally, transcribed, coded, compared, and grouped according to their similarity of themes. Participants provided insights into gaps, limitations, and challenges of Pakistan’s current ADR reporting system, issues with proposed pharmacovigilance rules, and coordination difficulties. Results: The majority of the participants considered the ADR reporting system in Pakistan to be improving but in a nascent phase. The identified gaps, challenges, limitations of the system, and barriers to reporting were labeled as reasons for limited functioning. Almost all stakeholders were aware of the existence of draft pharmacovigilance rules; however, participants in the industry were familiar with the contents and context of draft pharmacovigilance rules. Bureaucratic red tape and lack of political will appeared to be the top reasons for delaying the approval of the pharmacovigilance rules. Wider consultation, advocacy, and awareness sessions of policymakers and HCPs were suggested for early approval of rules. Participants unanimously agreed that the approval of rules shall improve the quality of life and reduce the economic burden along with morbidity and mortality rates. The need for greater and collaborative coordination among the stakeholders in promoting medicines’ safety was highlighted. All participants suggested the use of media and celebrities to disseminate the safety information. Conclusion: Participants showed partial satisfaction with the way pharmacovigilance in Pakistan is moving forward. However, stakeholders believed that engagement of multi-stakeholders, approval of pharmacovigilance rules, and the establishment of pharmacovigilance centers in provinces, hospitals, and public health programs (PHPs) shall support in achieving the desired results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saima Hamid
- Health Services Academy Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research, Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
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Spatiotemporal Mapping of Online Interest in Cannabis and Popular Psychedelics before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116619. [PMID: 35682204 PMCID: PMC9180639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Psychedelics represent a unique subset of psychoactive substances that can induce an aberrant state of consciousness principally via the neuronal 5-HT2A receptor. There is limited knowledge concerning the interest in these chemicals in Poland and how they changed during the pandemic. Nonetheless, these interests can be surveyed indirectly via the web. Objectives: We aim to conduct a spatial-temporal mapping of online information-seeking behavior concerning cannabis and the most popular psychedelics before and during the pandemic. Methods: We retrieved online information search data via Google Trends concerning twenty of the most popular psychedelics from 1 January 2017 to 1 January 2022 in Poland. We conducted Holt–Winters exponential smoothing for time series analysis to infer potential seasonality. We utilized hierarchical clustering analysis based on Ward’s method to find similarities of psychedelics’ interest within Poland’s voivodships before and during the pandemic. Results: Twelve (60%) psychedelics had significant seasonality; we proved that psilocybin and ayahuasca had annual seasonality (p-value = 0.0120 and p = 0.0003, respectively), and four substances—LSD, AL-LAD, DXM, and DOB—exhibited a half-yearly seasonality, while six psychedelics had a quarterly seasonal pattern, including cannabis, dronabinol, ergine, NBOMe, phencyclidine, and salvinorin A. Further, the pandemic influenced a significant positive change in the trends for three substances, including psilocybin, ergine, and DXM. Conclusions: Different seasonal patterns exist for psychedelics, and some might correlate with school breaks or holidays in Poland. The pandemic induced some changes in the temporal and spatial trends. The spatial-temporal trends could be valuable information to health authorities and policymakers responsible for monitoring and preventing addictions.
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Ambwani S, Dutta S, Mishra G, Lal H, Singh S, Charan J. Adverse Drug Reactions Associated With Drugs Prescribed in Psychiatry: A Retrospective Descriptive Analysis in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Cureus 2021; 13:e19493. [PMID: 34912634 PMCID: PMC8664397 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychiatric disorders are chronic in nature which often require long and continuous medications. These medications are known to cause adverse effects on their use. Their monitoring and prevention are crucial for the practicing family and community physicians. Method This is a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted to analyze all the spontaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported from the psychiatry department to the ADR Monitoring Center, Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS Jodhpur during the time period from 2014 to 2020. Results A total of 334 ADRs were reported. The majority of the ADRs were reported from antipsychotics (60.6%) followed by antidepressants (25.5%) and antiepileptic drugs (5.8%). On further subgroup analysis of the drug classes among antipsychotics, Clozapine (15.8%) was the leading offending agent. Similarly, among Antidepressants, Escitalopram (6.1%) was causing the most side effects. The most common ADR reported was sedation (7.26%) followed by salivary hypersecretion (6.7%), akathisia (5.52%), and weight gain (5.52%). Conclusion Knowledge of common ADRs help in better management of the diseases and psychotropics as a class has various frequents ADRs. Early detection and suitable intervention can help the community physicians in the proper care of the patients and rational use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ambwani
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, IND
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, IND
| | - Govind Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, IND
| | - Hina Lal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, IND
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, IND
| | - Jaykaran Charan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, IND
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Pascucci D, Nurchis MC, Sapienza M, Castrini F, Beccia F, D’Ambrosio F, Grossi A, Castagna C, Pezzullo AM, Zega M, Staiti D, De Simone FM, Mores N, Cambieri A, Vetrugno G, Damiani G, Laurenti P. Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in the Vaccination Campaign among the Health Workers of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111098. [PMID: 34769618 PMCID: PMC8582885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Health workers, especially those in patient-facing roles, had a significantly increased risk of COVID-19 infection, having serious outcomes, and risking spreading the virus to patients and staff. Vaccination campaign planning suggests allocating initial supplies of BNT162b2 vaccine to health workers given the importance of early protection to safeguard the continuity of care to patients. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of BNT162b2 vaccine among the health workers of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (FPG). The retrospective cohort study was conducted among health staff working at the FPG. Vaccination data were collected from hospital records. The primary end points were vaccine effectiveness and safety. A total of 6649 health workers were included, of whom 5162 received injections. There were 14 cases of COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after the second dose among vaccinated health workers and 45 cases among unvaccinated ones. BNT162b2 was 91.5% effective against COVID-19 (95% credible interval, 84.7% to 95.3%). The safety profile of BNT162b2 vaccine consisted of short-term, non-serious events. The promotion and boost of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign represents a key public health measure useful to curb the spread of the pandemic especially in vulnerable contexts, such as hospitals, where health workers carry out a paramount role for the entire community, and requires further protection with a possible booster dose in view of autumn-winter 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Pascucci
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Mario Cesare Nurchis
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-063-015-4396
| | - Martina Sapienza
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesco Castrini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Flavia Beccia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Floriana D’Ambrosio
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Adriano Grossi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Carolina Castagna
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Angelo Maria Pezzullo
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Maurizio Zega
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Domenico Staiti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Maria De Simone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Nadia Mores
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cambieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Vetrugno
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Damiani
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Patrizia Laurenti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
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The 2011–2020 Trends of Data-Driven Approaches in Medical Informatics for Active Pharmacovigilance. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacovigilance, the scientific discipline pertaining to drug safety, has been studied extensively and is progressing continuously. In this field, medical informatics techniques and interpretation play important roles, and appropriate approaches are required. In this study, we investigated and analyzed the trends of pharmacovigilance systems, especially the data collection, detection, assessment, and monitoring processes. We used PubMed to collect papers on pharmacovigilance published over the past 10 years, and analyzed a total of 40 significant papers to determine the characteristics of the databases and data analysis methods used to identify drug safety indicators. Through systematic reviews, we identified the difficulty of standardizing data and terminology and establishing an adverse drug reactions (ADR) evaluation system in pharmacovigilance, and their corresponding implications. We found that appropriate methods and guidelines for active pharmacovigilance using medical big data are still required and should continue to be developed.
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Jandhyala R. Delphi, non-RAND modified Delphi, RAND/UCLA appropriateness method and a novel group awareness and consensus methodology for consensus measurement: a systematic literature review. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:1873-1887. [PMID: 32866051 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1816946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing demand for reliable evidence in patient care and its delivery has necessitated the development of several approaches for generating quality evidence. In particular, the solicitation of expert opinion has been recognised as a reliable data collection method. However, there are variations and limitations in study approaches using expert opinion as a method of data collection, thereby necessitating the development of a standardised, novel consensus method. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the characteristics of all studies utilising a "Delphi" or "Modified Delphi" methods between January 2008 and December 2018. A search framework was developed, and the review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS In total, 764 studies met the study inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the review. Heterogeneity on core defining characteristics of the constituent study types was observed in this control group. These 764 studies were compared against the four case studies using the Jandhyala method. Four key themes were identified and discussed: Assessment of Forced or Observed consensus, Assessment and reporting of item Awareness and advisor awareness, Minimum expert engagement profile, and Efficiency of Minimum Engagement Profile. CONCLUSIONS Existing consensus methodologies have undergone significant modifications by successive authors over time, including ones contradicting core principles where an original method had been defined. The Jandhyala method for generating group consensus and awareness is unique in observing consensus and measuring awareness of subject matter across experts. The Jandhyala method also improves upon the traditional Delphi-style methodologies, through the introduction of new insights into awareness of subject matter in the expert group. A wider application of the Jandhyala method is required to corroborate findings from this research.
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