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Kubat GB, Bouhamida E, Ulger O, Turkel I, Pedriali G, Ramaccini D, Ekinci O, Ozerklig B, Atalay O, Patergnani S, Nur Sahin B, Morciano G, Tuncer M, Tremoli E, Pinton P. Mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy: Causes, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:33-58. [PMID: 37451353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight, is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues in the human body and plays a vital role in movement, posture and force production. More than just a component of the locomotor system, skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ capable of producing and secreting hundreds of bioactive molecules. Therefore, maintaining healthy skeletal muscles is crucial for supporting overall body health. Various pathological conditions, such as prolonged immobilization, cachexia, aging, drug-induced toxicity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), can disrupt the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributing mechanism to skeletal muscle atrophy, as it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolic flexibility, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we critically examine recent knowledge regarding the causes of muscle atrophy (disuse, cachexia, aging, etc.) and its contribution to CVDs. Additionally, we highlight the mitochondrial signaling pathways involvement to skeletal muscle atrophy, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and mitophagy, mitochondrial fission-fusion, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss current strategies, including exercise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, in vivo transfection of PGC-1α, and the potential use of mitochondrial transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Turkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Ozgur Ekinci
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ozerklig
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozbeyen Atalay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beyza Nur Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Stokes T, Cen HH, Kapranov P, Gallagher IJ, Pitsillides AA, Volmar C, Kraus WE, Johnson JD, Phillips SM, Wahlestedt C, Timmons JA. Transcriptomics for Clinical and Experimental Biology Research: Hang on a Seq. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2200024. [PMID: 37288167 PMCID: PMC10242409 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing the human genome empowers translational medicine, facilitating transcriptome-wide molecular diagnosis, pathway biology, and drug repositioning. Initially, microarrays are used to study the bulk transcriptome; but now short-read RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) predominates. Positioned as a superior technology, that makes the discovery of novel transcripts routine, most RNA-seq analyses are in fact modeled on the known transcriptome. Limitations of the RNA-seq methodology have emerged, while the design of, and the analysis strategies applied to, arrays have matured. An equitable comparison between these technologies is provided, highlighting advantages that modern arrays hold over RNA-seq. Array protocols more accurately quantify constitutively expressed protein coding genes across tissue replicates, and are more reliable for studying lower expressed genes. Arrays reveal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are neither sparsely nor lower expressed than protein coding genes. Heterogeneous coverage of constitutively expressed genes observed with RNA-seq, undermines the validity and reproducibility of pathway analyses. The factors driving these observations, many of which are relevant to long-read or single-cell sequencing are discussed. As proposed herein, a reappreciation of bulk transcriptomic methods is required, including wider use of the modern high-density array data-to urgently revise existing anatomical RNA reference atlases and assist with more accurate study of lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Stokes
- Faculty of ScienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonL8S 4L8Canada
| | - Haoning Howard Cen
- Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z3Canada
| | | | - Iain J Gallagher
- School of Applied SciencesEdinburgh Napier UniversityEdinburghEH11 4BNUK
| | | | | | | | - James D. Johnson
- Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z3Canada
| | | | | | - James A. Timmons
- Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL33136USA
- William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
- Augur Precision Medicine LTDStirlingFK9 5NFUK
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Berger JM, Karsenty G. Osteocalcin and the Physiology of Danger. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:665-680. [PMID: 34913486 PMCID: PMC9020278 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bone biology has long been driven by the question as to what molecules affect cell differentiation or the functions of bone. Exploring this issue has been an extraordinarily powerful way to improve our knowledge of bone development and physiology. More recently, a second question has emerged: does bone have other functions besides making bone? Addressing this conundrum revealed that the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin affects a surprisingly large number of organs and physiological processes, including acute stress response. This review will focus on this emerging aspect of bone biology taking osteocalcin as a case study and will show how classical and endocrine functions of bone help to define a new functional identity for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Meyer Berger
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, 10032, USA
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Deane CS, Willis CRG, Phillips BE, Atherton PJ, Harries LW, Ames RM, Szewczyk NJ, Etheridge T. Transcriptomic meta-analysis of disuse muscle atrophy vs. resistance exercise-induced hypertrophy in young and older humans. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:629-645. [PMID: 33951310 PMCID: PMC8200445 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy manifests across numerous diseases; however, the extent of similarities/differences in causal mechanisms between atrophying conditions in unclear. Ageing and disuse represent two of the most prevalent and costly atrophic conditions, with resistance exercise training (RET) being the most effective lifestyle countermeasure. We employed gene-level and network-level meta-analyses to contrast transcriptomic signatures of disuse and RET, plus young and older RET to establish a consensus on the molecular features of, and therapeutic targets against, muscle atrophy in conditions of high socio-economic relevance. METHODS Integrated gene-level and network-level meta-analysis was performed on publicly available microarray data sets generated from young (18-35 years) m. vastus lateralis muscle subjected to disuse (unilateral limb immobilization or bed rest) lasting ≥7 days or RET lasting ≥3 weeks, and resistance-trained older (≥60 years) muscle. RESULTS Disuse and RET displayed predominantly separate transcriptional responses, and transcripts altered across conditions were mostly unidirectional. However, disuse and RET induced directly inverted expression profiles for mitochondrial function and translation regulation genes, with COX4I1, ENDOG, GOT2, MRPL12, and NDUFV2, the central hub components of altered mitochondrial networks, and ZMYND11, a hub gene of altered translation regulation. A substantial number of genes (n = 140) up-regulated post-RET in younger muscle were not similarly up-regulated in older muscle, with young muscle displaying a more pronounced extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune/inflammatory gene expression response. Both young and older muscle exhibited similar RET-induced ubiquitination/RNA processing gene signatures with associated PWP1, PSMB1, and RAF1 hub genes. CONCLUSIONS Despite limited opposing gene profiles, transcriptional signatures of disuse are not simply the converse of RET. Thus, the mechanisms of unloading cannot be derived from studying muscle loading alone and provides a molecular basis for understanding why RET fails to target all transcriptional features of disuse. Loss of RET-induced ECM mechanotransduction and inflammatory profiles might also contribute to suboptimal ageing muscle adaptations to RET. Disuse and age-dependent molecular candidates further establish a framework for understanding and treating disuse/ageing atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Deane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig R G Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- RNA-Mediated Mechanisms of Disease Group, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ryan M Ames
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
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Abstract
It is well established that mitochondria play a critical role in the metabolic and physiological adaptation of skeletal muscle to enhanced contractile activity. Several redox-sensitive signaling pathways such as PGC-1α, AMPK, IGF/Akt/mTOR, SIRT, NFκB, and FoxO are involved with extensive crosstalk to regulate vital cellular functions such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics, autophagy/mitophagy, and apoptosis under altered demand and stress. However, when muscles cease contraction, such as during immobilization and denervation, mitochondria undergo a series of detrimental changes characterized by downregulation of PGC-1α and antioxidant defense, increased ROS generation, activated FoxO, NFκB, and inflammation, enhanced ubiquitination, and finally mitophagy and apoptotic cascades. The phenotypic outcome of the discord of mitochondrial homeostasis is elevated proteolysis and muscle atrophy. The demonstration that PGC-1α overexpression via transgene or in vivo DNA transfection can restore mitochondrial homeostasis and reverse myocyte atrophy supports the "mitostasis theory of muscle atrophy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Ji
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dongwook Yeo
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Timmons JA, Atherton PJ, Larsson O, Sood S, Blokhin IO, Brogan RJ, Volmar CH, Josse AR, Slentz C, Wahlestedt C, Phillips SM, Phillips BE, Gallagher IJ, Kraus WE. A coding and non-coding transcriptomic perspective on the genomics of human metabolic disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:7772-7792. [PMID: 29986096 PMCID: PMC6125682 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), relying on hundreds of thousands of individuals, have revealed >200 genomic loci linked to metabolic disease (MD). Loss of insulin sensitivity (IS) is a key component of MD and we hypothesized that discovery of a robust IS transcriptome would help reveal the underlying genomic structure of MD. Using 1,012 human skeletal muscle samples, detailed physiology and a tissue-optimized approach for the quantification of coding (>18,000) and non-coding (>15,000) RNA (ncRNA), we identified 332 fasting IS-related genes (CORE-IS). Over 200 had a proven role in the biochemistry of insulin and/or metabolism or were located at GWAS MD loci. Over 50% of the CORE-IS genes responded to clinical treatment; 16 quantitatively tracking changes in IS across four independent studies (P = 0.0000053: negatively: AGL, G0S2, KPNA2, PGM2, RND3 and TSPAN9 and positively: ALDH6A1, DHTKD1, ECHDC3, MCCC1, OARD1, PCYT2, PRRX1, SGCG, SLC43A1 and SMIM8). A network of ncRNA positively related to IS and interacted with RNA coding for viral response proteins (P < 1 × 10−48), while reduced amino acid catabolic gene expression occurred without a change in expression of oxidative-phosphorylation genes. We illustrate that combining in-depth physiological phenotyping with robust RNA profiling methods, identifies molecular networks which are highly consistent with the genetics and biochemistry of human metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Timmons
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjana Sood
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robert J Brogan
- Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK
| | | | | | - Cris Slentz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Iain J Gallagher
- Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK.,School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Phillips BE, Kelly BM, Lilja M, Ponce-González JG, Brogan RJ, Morris DL, Gustafsson T, Kraus WE, Atherton PJ, Vollaard NBJ, Rooyackers O, Timmons JA. A Practical and Time-Efficient High-Intensity Interval Training Program Modifies Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Adults with Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:229. [PMID: 28943861 PMCID: PMC5596071 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regular physical activity (PA) can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but adherence to time-orientated (150 min week-1 or more) PA guidelines is very poor. A practical and time-efficient PA regime that was equally efficacious at controlling risk factors for cardio-metabolic disease is one solution to this problem. Herein, we evaluate a new time-efficient and genuinely practical high-intensity interval training (HIT) protocol in men and women with pre-existing risk factors for type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred eighty-nine sedentary women (n = 101) and men (n = 88) with impaired glucose tolerance and/or a body mass index >27 kg m-2 [mean (range) age: 36 (18-53) years] participated in this multi-center study. Each completed a fully supervised 6-week HIT protocol at work-loads equivalent to ~100 or ~125% [Formula: see text]. Change in [Formula: see text] was used to monitor protocol efficacy, while Actiheart™ monitors were used to determine PA during four, weeklong, periods. Mean arterial (blood) pressure (MAP) and fasting insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-IR] represent key health biomarker outcomes. RESULTS The higher intensity bouts (~125% [Formula: see text]) used during a 5-by-1 min HIT protocol resulted in a robust increase in [Formula: see text] (136 participants, +10.0%, p < 0.001; large size effect). 5-by-1 HIT reduced MAP (~3%; p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (~16%; p < 0.01). Physiological responses were similar in men and women while a sizeable proportion of the training-induced changes in [Formula: see text], MAP, and HOMA-IR was retained 3 weeks after cessation of training. The supervised HIT sessions accounted for the entire quantifiable increase in PA, and this equated to 400 metabolic equivalent (MET) min week-1. Meta-analysis indicated that 5-by-1 HIT matched the efficacy and variability of a time-consuming 30-week PA program on [Formula: see text], MAP, and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION With a total time-commitment of <15 min per session and reliance on a practical ergometer protocol, 5-by-1 HIT offers a new solution to modulate cardio-metabolic risk factors in adults with pre-existing risk factors for type 2 diabetes while approximately meeting the MET min week-1 PA guidelines. Long-term randomized controlled studies will be required to quantify the ability for 5-by-1 HIT to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes, while strategies are required to harmonize the adaptations to exercise across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan E. Phillips
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mats Lilja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Robert J. Brogan
- Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Morris
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Niels B. J. Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James A. Timmons
- Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, United Kingdom
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: James A. Timmons,
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Timmons JA. Molecular Diagnostics of Ageing and Tackling Age-related Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:67-80. [PMID: 27979318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As average life expectancy increases there is a greater focus on health-span and, in particular, how to treat or prevent chronic age-associated diseases. Therapies which were able to control 'biological age' with the aim of postponing chronic and costly diseases of old age require an entirely new approach to drug development. Molecular technologies and machine-learning methods have already yielded diagnostics that help guide cancer treatment and cardiovascular procedures. Discovery of valid and clinically informative diagnostics of human biological age (combined with disease-specific biomarkers) has the potential to alter current drug-discovery strategies, aid clinical trial recruitment and maximize healthy ageing. I will review some basic principles that govern the development of 'ageing' diagnostics, how such assays could be used during the drug-discovery or development process. Important logistical and statistical considerations are illustrated by reviewing recent biomarker activity in the field of Alzheimer's disease, as dementia represents the most pressing of priorities for the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the chronic disease in humans most associated with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Timmons
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, England; XRGenomics Ltd, Scion House, Stirlingshire, Scotland.
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