1
|
Chesterfield A, Harvey J, Hendrie C, Wilkinson S, Vera San Juan N, Bell V. Meaning and role of functional-organic distinction: a study of clinicians in psychiatry and neurology services. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2024; 50:170-178. [PMID: 37968099 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2023-012667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The functional-organic distinction attempts to differentiate disorders with diagnosable biological causes from those without and is a central axis on which diagnoses, medical specialities and services are organised. Previous studies report poor agreement between clinicians regarding the meanings of the terms and the conditions to which they apply, as well as noting value-laden implications of relevant diagnoses. Consequently, we aimed to understand how clinicians working in psychiatry and neurology services navigate the functional-organic distinction in their work. Twenty clinicians (10 physicians, 10 psychologists) working in psychiatry and neurology services participated in semistructured interviews that were analysed applying a constructivist grounded theory approach. The distinction was described as often incongruent with how clinicians conceptualise patients' problems. Organic factors were considered to be objective, unambiguously identifiable and clearly causative, whereas functional causes were invisible and to be hypothesised through thinking and conversation. Contextual factors-including cultural assumptions, service demands, patient needs and colleagues' views-were key in how the distinction was deployed in practice. The distinction was considered theoretically unsatisfactory, eventually to be superseded, but clinical decision making required it to be used strategically. These uses included helping communicate medical problems, navigating services, hiding meaning by making psychological explanations more palatable, tackling stigma, giving hope, and giving access to illness identity. Clinicians cited moral issues at both individual and societal levels as integral to the conceptual basis and deployment of the functional-organic distinction and described actively navigating these as part of their work. There was a considerable distance between the status of the functional-organic distinction as a sound theoretical concept generalisable across conditions and its role as a gatekeeping tool within the structures of healthcare. Ambiguity and contradictions were considered as both obstacles and benefits when deployed in practice and strategic considerations were important in deciding which to lean on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chesterfield
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jordan Harvey
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Callum Hendrie
- Community Support Work Service, Headway East London, London, UK
| | - Sam Wilkinson
- Dept of Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology, Exeter University, London, UK
| | - Norha Vera San Juan
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vaughan Bell
- Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Connors MH, Quinto L, Deeley Q, Halligan PW, Oakley DA, Kanaan RA. Hypnosis and suggestion as interventions for functional neurological disorder: A systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2024; 86:92-102. [PMID: 38154334 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional neurological disorder (FND) involves the presence of neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by neurological disease. FND has long been linked to hypnosis and suggestion, both of which have been used as treatments. Given ongoing interest, this review examined evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis and suggestion as treatment interventions for FND. METHOD A systematic search of bibliographic databases was conducted to identify group studies published over the last hundred years. No restrictions were placed on study design, language, or clinical setting. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion, extracted data, and rated study quality. RESULTS The search identified 35 studies, including 5 randomised controlled trials, 2 non-randomised trials, and 28 pre-post studies. Of 1584 patients receiving either intervention, 1379 (87%) showed significant improvements, including many who demonstrated resolution of their symptoms in the short-term. Given the heterogeneity of interventions and limitations in study quality overall, more formal quantitative synthesis was not possible. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight longstanding and ongoing interest in using hypnosis and suggestion as interventions for FND. While the findings appear promising, limitations in the evidence base, reflecting limitations in FND research more broadly, prevent definitive recommendations. Further research seems warranted given these supportive findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Connors
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Lena Quinto
- Forensic & Analytical Science Services, NSW Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Quinton Deeley
- Cultural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - David A Oakley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McKerchar C, Thompson L, Bidwell S, Hapuku A. Normal or diseased? Navigating indeterminate gut behaviour. J Prim Health Care 2023; 15:350-357. [PMID: 38112712 DOI: 10.1071/hc23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Delayed diagnosis of gut disease is a continuing problem, variously attributed to a range of patient, doctor, and health system factors. Gut disease often begins with indeterminate gut behaviours that are hard to classify. Aim This study aimed to investigate delayed diagnosis from the point of view of the patient, or prospective patient. How gut and gut disease was understood, what might prompt them to seek care, and their experiences of seeking care. Methods Using a qualitative design, we interviewed 44 people in New Zealand. Thirty-three had a diagnosis of gut disease, and 11 did not, though some of the patients in this latter group had symptoms. Results Some participants had a smooth trajectory from first noticing gut symptoms to diagnosis. However, a subgroup of 22 participants experienced long periods of troublesome gut behaviours without a diagnosis. For this subgroup of 22 participants, we found people struggled to work out what was normal, thus influencing when they sought health care. Once they sought health care, experiences of that care could be frustrating, and achieving a diagnosis protracted. Some who remained undiagnosed felt abandoned, though had developed strategies to self-manage. Discussion Indeterminate gut behaviours remain complex to deal with and it can difficult for both patients and doctors to assess when a symptom or group of symptoms need further investigation, watchful waiting or the use of other supportive strategies. Effectively communicating with healthcare staff can be a significant problem and there is currently a gap in support for patients in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina McKerchar
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, 34 Gloucester Street, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lee Thompson
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, 34 Gloucester Street, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Susan Bidwell
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, 34 Gloucester Street, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Aaron Hapuku
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ginier-Gillet M. 'Functional hyperthermia': a historical overview. Biopsychosoc Med 2023; 17:38. [PMID: 37957752 PMCID: PMC10641980 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-023-00292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of low-grade fever in adults has not been codified. This gap is related not only to the numerous possible aetiologies but also to the difficulty of escaping the monocausal model of diseases. This article explores the complex issue of positive signs in 'psychogenic fever' through Reimann's 1930s series. The discussion emphasises Canguilhem's positions regarding vital signs and proposes (1) a semantic clarification of 'habitual hyperthermia' and (2) an amendment of the Belgian diagnostic criteria based on the concept of functional disorder. This paper also suggests following Peirce's pragmatism in the face of an uncommon clinical picture.
Collapse
|
5
|
Peacock M, Bissell P, Ellis J, Dickson JM, Wardrope A, Grünewald R, Reuber M. 'I just need to know what they are and if you can help me': Medicalization and the search for legitimacy in people diagnosed with non-epileptic attack disorder. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 148:109485. [PMID: 37857031 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the struggles for legitimacy expressed by people with non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), one of the most common manifestations of functional neurological disorder presenting to emergency and secondary care services. Nonepileptic attacks are episodes of altered experience, awareness, and reduced self-control that superficially resemble epileptic seizures or other paroxysmal disorders but are not associated with physiological abnormalities sufficient to explain the semiological features. "Organic" or medicalized explanations are frequently sought by patients as the only legitimate explanation for symptoms, and consequently, a diagnosis of NEAD is often contested. Drawing on narrative interviews with patients from a small exploratory study and using a sociological perspective, we propose that a psychological account of NEAD does not provide a sufficiently legitimate path into a socially sanctioned sick role. This is a reflection of the dominance of biomedicine and the associated processes of medicalization. These processes are, we argue, the sole route to achieving legitimacy. The stress-based or psychologically oriented explanations offered to patients in contemporary medical models of the etiology of NEAD engender an uncertain identity and social position and fail to provide many patients with an account of the nature or origin of their symptoms that they find satisfactory or convincing. These struggles for legitimacy (shared by others with functional or somatoform conditions) are sharpened by key features of the contemporary healthcare landscape, such as the increasing framing of health through a lens of 'responsibilization'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Peacock
- Edge Hill University, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine, St Helens Road, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK.
| | | | - Julie Ellis
- Ramsden Building, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Jon M Dickson
- The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Samuel Fox House, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK.
| | - Alistair Wardrope
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Clinical Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Richard Grünewald
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cohen SP, Doshi TL, Dolomisiewicz E, Reece DE, Zhao Z, Anderson-White M, Kasuke A, Wang EJ, Hsu A, Davis SA, Yoo Y, Pasquina PF, Moon JY. Nonorganic (Behavioral) Signs and Their Association With Epidural Corticosteroid Injection Treatment Outcomes and Psychiatric Comorbidity in Cervical Radiculopathy: A Multicenter Study. Mayo Clin Proc 2023; 98:868-882. [PMID: 36803892 PMCID: PMC10358758 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between cervical nonorganic pain signs and epidural corticosteroid injection outcomes and coexisting pain and psychiatric conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-eight patients with cervical radiculopathy who received epidural corticosteroid injection were observed to determine the effects that nonorganic signs have on treatment outcome. A positive outcome was a decrease of 2 or more points in average arm pain, coupled with a score of 5 on a 7-point Patient Global Impression of Change scale 4 weeks after treatment. Nine tests in 5 categories (abnormal tenderness, regional disturbances deviating from normal anatomy, overreaction, discrepancies in examination findings with distraction, and pain during sham stimulation) were modified from previous studies and standardized. Other variables examined for their association with nonorganic signs and outcomes included disease burden, psychopathology, coexisting pain conditions, and somatization. RESULTS Of the 78 patients, 29% (n=23) had no nonorganic signs, 21% (n=16) had signs in 1 category, 10% (n=8) had signs in 2 categories, 21% (n=16) had signs in 3 categories, 10% (n=8) had signs in 4 categories, and 9% (n=7) had signs in 5 categories. The most common nonorganic sign was superficial tenderness (44%; n=34). Mean number of positive nonorganic categories was higher in individuals with negative treatment outcomes (2.5±1.8; 95% CI, 2.0 to 3.1) compared with those with positive outcomes (1.1±1.3; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.5; P=.0002). Negative treatment outcomes were most strongly associated with regional disturbances and overreaction. Positive associations were noted between nonorganic signs and multiple pain (P=.011) and multiple psychiatric (P=.028) conditions. CONCLUSION Cervical nonorganic signs correlate with treatment outcome, pain, and psychiatric comorbidities. Screening for these signs and psychiatric symptoms may improve treatment outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04320836.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Anesthesiology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Tina L Doshi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward Dolomisiewicz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - David E Reece
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zirong Zhao
- Departments of Neurology and Internal Medicine, District of Columbia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Mirinda Anderson-White
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Angelia Kasuke
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric J Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Annie Hsu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shelton A Davis
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yongjae Yoo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paul F Pasquina
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jee Youn Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hosseini P, Whincup R, Devan K, Ghanem DA, Fanshawe JB, Saini A, Cross B, Vijay A, Mastellari T, Vivekananda U, White S, Brunnhuber F, Zandi MS, David AS, Carter B, Oliver D, Lewis G, Fry C, Mehta PR, Stanton B, Rogers JP. The role of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in determining the aetiology of catatonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 56:101808. [PMID: 36636294 PMCID: PMC9829703 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that has a wide range of aetiologies. Determining whether catatonia is due to a medical or psychiatric cause is important for directing treatment but is clinically challenging. We aimed to ascertain the performance of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in determining whether catatonia has a medical or psychiatric cause, conventionally defined. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy (PROSPERO CRD42021239027), Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and AMED were searched from inception to May 11, 2022 for articles published in peer-reviewed journals that reported EEG findings in catatonia of a medical or psychiatric origin and were reported in English, French, or Italian. Eligible study types were clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports. The reference standard was the final clinical diagnosis. Data extraction was conducted using individual patient-level data, where available, by two authors. We prespecified two types of studies to overcome the limitations anticipated in the data: larger studies (n ≥ 5), which were suitable for formal meta-analytic methods but generally lacked detailed information about participants, and smaller studies (n < 5), which were unsuitable for formal meta-analytic methods but had detailed individual patient level data, enabling additional sensitivity analyses. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed with the QUADAS-2 tool for larger studies, and with a published tool designed for case reports and series for smaller studies. The primary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity, which were derived using a bivariate mixed-effects regression model. FINDINGS 355 studies were included, spanning 707 patients. Of the 12 larger studies (5 cohort studies and 7 case series), 308 patients were included with a mean age of 48.2 (SD = 8.9) years. 85 (52.8%) were reported as male and 99 had catatonia due to a general medical condition. In the larger studies, we found that an abnormal EEG predicted a medical cause of catatonia with a sensitivity of 0.82 (95% CI 0.67-0.91) and a specificity of 0.66 (95% CI 0.45-0.82) with an I 2 of 74% (95% CI 42-100%). The area under the summary ROC curve offered excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.83). The positive likelihood ratio was 2.4 (95% CI 1.4-4.1) and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.28 (95% CI 0.15-0.51). Only 5 studies had low concerns in terms of risk of bias and applicability, but a sensitivity analysis limited to these studies was similar to the main analysis. Among the 343 smaller studies, 399 patients were included, resulting in a sensitivity of 0.76 (95% CI 0.71-0.81), specificity of 0.67 (0.57-0.76) and AUC = 0.71 (95% CI 0.67-0.76). In multiple sensitivity analyses, the results were robust to the exclusion of reports of studies and individuals considered at high risk of bias. Features of limbic encephalitis, epileptiform discharges, focal abnormality, or status epilepticus were highly specific to medical catatonia, but features of encephalopathy had only moderate specificity and occurred in 23% of the cases of psychiatric catatonia in smaller studies. INTERPRETATION In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, the EEG should be used alongside other investigations to ascertain whether the underlying cause of catatonia is medical. The main limitation of this review is the differing thresholds for considering an EEG abnormal between studies. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paris Hosseini
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Karrish Devan
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Aman Saini
- Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Apoorva Vijay
- GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tomas Mastellari
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Inserm U1172, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Umesh Vivekananda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology UCL, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Steven White
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Franz Brunnhuber
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael S. Zandi
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony S. David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Carter
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Oliver
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Fry
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Puja R. Mehta
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Biba Stanton
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Neuropsychiatry Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Rogers
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Corresponding author. UCL Division of Psychiatry, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, Bloomsbury, London W1T 7NF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McKenzie AT, Marx GA, Koenigsberg D, Sawyer M, Iida MA, Walker JM, Richardson TE, Campanella G, Attems J, McKee AC, Stein TD, Fuchs TJ, White CL, Farrell K, Crary JF. Interpretable deep learning of myelin histopathology in age-related cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:131. [PMID: 36127723 PMCID: PMC9490907 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive impairment is multifactorial, with numerous underlying and frequently co-morbid pathological correlates. Amyloid beta (Aβ) plays a major role in Alzheimer's type age-related cognitive impairment, in addition to other etiopathologies such as Aβ-independent hyperphosphorylated tau, cerebrovascular disease, and myelin damage, which also warrant further investigation. Classical methods, even in the setting of the gold standard of postmortem brain assessment, involve semi-quantitative ordinal staging systems that often correlate poorly with clinical outcomes, due to imperfect cognitive measurements and preconceived notions regarding the neuropathologic features that should be chosen for study. Improved approaches are needed to identify histopathological changes correlated with cognition in an unbiased way. We used a weakly supervised multiple instance learning algorithm on whole slide images of human brain autopsy tissue sections from a group of elderly donors to predict the presence or absence of cognitive impairment (n = 367 with cognitive impairment, n = 349 without). Attention analysis allowed us to pinpoint the underlying subregional architecture and cellular features that the models used for the prediction in both brain regions studied, the medial temporal lobe and frontal cortex. Despite noisy labels of cognition, our trained models were able to predict the presence of cognitive impairment with a modest accuracy that was significantly greater than chance. Attention-based interpretation studies of the features most associated with cognitive impairment in the top performing models suggest that they identified myelin pallor in the white matter. Our results demonstrate a scalable platform with interpretable deep learning to identify unexpected aspects of pathology in cognitive impairment that can be translated to the study of other neurobiological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T McKenzie
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel A Marx
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Koenigsberg
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Sawyer
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan A Iida
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie M Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy E Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Campanella
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johannes Attems
- Translation and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Ann C McKee
- Department of Pathology, VA Medical Center &, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Pathology, VA Medical Center &, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Fuchs
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building 9th Floor, L9-02C, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - John F Crary
- Departments of Pathology, Neuroscience, and Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research Core, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building 9th Floor, Room 20A, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Green H. Commentary. Freud in the stroke ward: psychodynamic theory for stroke rehabilitation professionals. Top Stroke Rehabil 2022:1-6. [PMID: 35550000 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2022.2075080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increase in the number of clinical psychologists contributing to stroke care, the psychosocial aspects of rehabilitation will of necessity continue to be addressed by other rehabilitation professionals The clinical psychology of stroke rehabilitation is a growing field, with an extant literature reflecting different theoretical schools of psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic ideas have begun to enter the practice of neurorehabilitation, but with so far little written about stroke specifically. METHOD In this commentary, I provide a brief overview of central themes in psychoanalytic theory, and link them to stroke rehabilitation using clinical vignettes. RESULTS & CONCLUSION I argue that, by bearing strong feelings; attending to multiple communicative channels; considering transference and countertransference; and accepting more fully the pessimistic and despairing aspects of our patients' experiences, we can become more psychologically effective rehabilitation professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huw Green
- Addenbrooke's: Department of Neuropsychology, Clinical Psychologist, Cambridgeshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
This is an article about exclusion. We might not like to admit it - even fail to realise it - but National Health Service (NHS) mental health service structures have become increasingly focused on how to deny people care instead of help them to access it. Clinicians learn the art of self-delusion, convincing ourselves we are not letting patients down but, instead, doing the clinically appropriate thing. Well-meant initiatives become misappropriated to justify neglect. Are we trying to protect ourselves against the knowledge that we're failing our patients, or is collusion simply the easiest option? Problematic language endemic in psychiatry reveals a deeper issue: a culture of fear and falsehood, leading to iatrogenic harm. An excessively risk-averse and under-resourced system may drain its clinicians of compassion, losing sight of the human being behind each 'protected' bed and rejected referral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Beale
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Byrne EA. Understanding Long Covid: Nosology, social attitudes and stigma. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:17-24. [PMID: 34563621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The debate around Long Covid has so far shown resistance to accept parallels between Long Covid and a set of existing conditions which have historically been subject to stigma. This resistance risks endorsing the stigma associated with such existing conditions, and as such, these dynamics of stigma ought to be dismantled in order to facilitate the development of effective clinical resources for all such implicated conditions. As well as affecting proceedings at the structural level, I discuss how the aforementioned problems also risk affecting patients at the personal level by motivating the reconfiguration and restriction of patient illness narratives. The problems I identify therefore risk affecting both collective and individual understanding of Long Covid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Alexandra Byrne
- University of York, Sally Baldwin Buildings Block A, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cavanna A, Purpura G, Nacinovich R. Neurodevelopmental versus functional Tics: The state of the art. ARCHIVES OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/amhs.amhs_246_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
13
|
Ciobanu AM, Geza L, David IG, Popa DE, Buleandra M, Ciucu AA, Dehelean L. Actualities in immunological markers and electrochemical sensors for determination of dopamine and its metabolites in psychotic disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:888. [PMID: 34194566 PMCID: PMC8237259 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders represent a serious health concern. At this moment, anamnestic data, international criteria for diagnosis/classification from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 and the International Classification of Diseases-10 and diagnostic scales are used to establish a diagnosis. The most commonly used biomarkers in psychotic illnesses are those regarding the neuroimmune system, metabolic abnormalities, neurotrophins and neurotransmitter systems and proteomics. A current issue faced by clinicians is the lack of biomarkers to help develop a more accurate diagnosis, with the possibility of initiating the most effective treatment. The detection of biological markers for psychosis has the potential to contribute to improvements in its diagnosis, prognosis and treatment effectiveness. The mixture of multiple biomarkers may improve the ability to differentiate and classify these patients. In this sense, the aim of this study was to analyze the literature concerning the potential biomarkers that could be used in medical practice and to review the newest developments in electrochemical sensors used for dopamine detection, one of the most important exploited biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania.,Discipline of Psychiatry, Neurosciences Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luana Geza
- Department of Psychiatry, 'Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia' Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania.,Discipline of Psychiatry, Neurosciences Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Gabriela David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Popa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Buleandra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Alexandru Ciucu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liana Dehelean
- Department of Neurosciences-Psychiatry, Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|