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Ma D, Du G, Fang H, Li R, Zhang D. Advances and prospects in microbial production of biotin. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:135. [PMID: 38735926 PMCID: PMC11089781 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biotin, serving as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions, is a vital nutrient crucial for the natural growth, development, and overall well-being of both humans and animals. Consequently, biotin is widely utilized in various industries, including feed, food, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential advantages, the chemical synthesis of biotin for commercial production encounters environmental and safety challenges. The burgeoning field of synthetic biology now allows for the creation of microbial cell factories producing bio-based products, offering a cost-effective alternative to chemical synthesis for biotin production. This review outlines the pathway and regulatory mechanism involved in biotin biosynthesis. Then, the strategies to enhance biotin production through both traditional chemical mutagenesis and advanced metabolic engineering are discussed. Finally, the article explores the limitations and future prospects of microbial biotin production. This comprehensive review not only discusses strategies for biotin enhancement but also provides in-depth insights into systematic metabolic engineering approaches aimed at boosting biotin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan Ma
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Guangqing Du
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huan Fang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Rong Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Wei PP, Zhu FC, Chen CW, Li GS. Engineering a heterologous synthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for efficient production of biotin. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1221-1228. [PMID: 33666816 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enhance biotin production in Escherichia coli by engineering a heterologous biotin synthetic pathway. RESULTS Biotin operon genes from Pseudomonas putida, which consisted of a bioBFHCD cluster and a bioA gene, was engineered into Escherichia coli for biotin production. The introduction of bioW gene from Bacillus subtilis, encoding pimeloyl-CoA synthetase and sam2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) synthetase contributed to the heterologous production of biotin in recombinant E. coli. Furthermore, biotin production was efficiently enhanced by optimization of the fermentation compositions, especially pimelic acid and L-methionine, the precursor related to the pimeloyl-CoA and SAM synthesis, respectively. The combination of overexpression of the heterologous biotin operon genes and enhanced supply of key intermediate pimeloyl-CoA and SAM increased biotin production in E. coli by more than 121-fold. With bioprocess engineering efforts, biotin was produced at a final titer of 92.6 mg/L in a shake flask and 208.7 mg/L in a fed-batch fermenter. CONCLUSION Through introduction of heterologous biotin synthetic pathway, increasing the supply of precursor pimeloyl-CoA and cofactor SAM can significantly enhance biotin production in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Wei
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Cheng Zhu
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Cun-Wu Chen
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Si Li
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Multi-level metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas mutabilis ATCC31014 for efficient production of biotin. Metab Eng 2020; 61:406-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Streit WR, Entcheva P. Biotin in microbes, the genes involved in its biosynthesis, its biochemical role and perspectives for biotechnological production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 61:21-31. [PMID: 12658511 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-002-1186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Revised: 10/31/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biotin (vitamin H) is one of the most fascinating cofactors involved in central pathways in pro- and eukaryotic cell metabolism. Since its original discovery in 1901, research has led to the discovery of the complete biotin biosynthesis pathways in many different microbes and much work has been done on the highly intriguing and complex biochemistry of biotin biosynthesis. While humans and animals require several hundred micrograms of biotin per day, most microbes, plants and fungi appear to be able to synthesize the cofactor themselves. Biotin is added to many food, feed and cosmetic products, creating a world market of 10-30 t/year. However, the majority of the biotin sold is synthesized in a chemical process. Since the chemical synthesis is linked with a high environmental burden, much effort has been put into the development of biotin-overproducing microbes. A summary of biotin biosynthesis and its biological role is presented; and current strategies for the improvement of microbial biotin production using modern biotechnological techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Streit
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Alban C. Is plant biotin holocarboxylase synthetase a bifunctional enzyme? COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 2000; 323:681-8. [PMID: 11019362 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Holocarboxylase synthetases (HCSs) catalyse the biotinylation of biotin-dependent carboxylases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, the protein also acts as a transcriptional repressor that regulates the synthesis of biotin. Previously, we isolated and characterized a cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis thaliana HCS and subsequently assigned this enzyme form to the chloroplast compartment. To investigate whether or not the Arabidopsis protein may function as a regulator in E. coli, we have expressed the functional plant HCS in a birA-derepressed mutant strain of E. coli devoid of the corresponding E. coli protein and carrying a promoter-less LacZ gene marker inserted into the biotin operon, such that the bio promoter drives the synthesis of beta-galactosidase. Our data demonstrate that although the expressed plant HCS efficiently complemented the function of apo-carboxylase biotinylation in E. coli, it proved unable to regulate the expression of the biotin biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alban
- Laboratoire mixte CNRS-Aventis (UMR1932 associée au CNRS), Aventis CropScience, Lyon, France.
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Perkins JB, Bower S, Howitt CL, Yocum RR, Pero J. Identification and characterization of transcripts from the biotin biosynthetic operon of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:6361-5. [PMID: 8892842 PMCID: PMC178513 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.21.6361-6365.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Northern (RNA) blot analysis of the Bacillus subtilis biotin operon, bioWAFDBIorf2, detected at least two steady-state polycistronic transcripts initiated from a putative vegetative (Pbio) promoter that precedes the operon, i.e., a full-length 7.2-kb transcript covering the entire operon and a more abundant 5.1-kb transcript covering just the first five genes of the operon. Biotin and the B. subtilis birA gene product regulated synthesis of the transcripts. Moreover, replacing the putative Pbio promoter and regulatory sequence with a constitutive SP01 phage promoter resulted in higher-level constitutive synthesis. Removal of a rho-independent terminator-like sequence located between the fifth (bioB) and sixth (bioI) genes prevented accumulation of the 5.1-kb transcript, suggesting that the putative terminator functions to limit expression of bioI, which is thought to be involved in an early step in biotin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Perkins
- OmniGene Bioproducts, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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