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Sanatombi K. Antioxidant potential and factors influencing the content of antioxidant compounds of pepper: A review with current knowledge. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3011-3052. [PMID: 37184378 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of natural food items as antioxidants has gained increasing popularity and attention in recent times supported by scientific studies validating the antioxidant properties of natural food items. Peppers (Capsicum spp.) are also important sources of antioxidants and several studies published during the last few decades identified and quantified various groups of phytochemicals with antioxidant capacities as well as indicated the influence of several pre- and postharvest factors on the antioxidant capacity of pepper. Therefore, this review summarizes the research findings on the antioxidant activity of pepper published to date and discusses their potential health benefits as well as the factors influencing the antioxidant activity in pepper. The major antioxidant compounds in pepper include capsaicinoids, capsinoids, vitamins, carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoids, and these antioxidants potentially modulate oxidative stress related to aging and diseases by targeting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation products, as well as genes for transcription factors that regulate antioxidant response elements genes. The review also provides a systematic understanding of the factors that maintain or improve the antioxidant capacity of peppers and the application of these strategies offers options to pepper growers and spices industries for maximizing the antioxidant activity of peppers and their health benefits to consumers. In addition, the efficacy of pepper antioxidants, safety aspects, and formulations of novel products with pepper antioxidants have also been covered with future perspectives on potential innovative uses of pepper antioxidants in the future.
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2
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Metabolism of Carotenoids in Mammals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33783731 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Pathways for xanthophyll metabolism have been proposed on the basis of several oxidation products of dietary xanthophylls detected in the tissues of fish, birds, and human subjects. No enzyme reaction had been characterized as responsible for the pathways until a mouse liver homogenate was found to oxidize the 3-hydroxy β-end of xanthophylls to a 3-oxo ε-end in the presence of a cofactor, NAD+. This oxidation consists of dehydrogenation to an unstable intermediate having a 3-oxo β-end group and the subsequent migration of a double bond. β,ε-Caroten-3'-one, a metabolite of β-cryptoxanthin, was found in human plasma, indicating that the same oxidative activity as that found in the mouse liver works in human tissues.The oxidative cleavage of carotenoids is mediated by two dioxygenases: a central cleavage enzyme and an asymmetric cleavage enzyme. In mice, the latter enzyme was suggested to eliminate carotenoids in tissues, while in humans, this enzyme is inactivated, resulting in carotenoid accumulation. In this chapter, carotenoid metabolism in mammals is described in terms of the oxidation of functional groups and cleavage of the carbon skeleton.
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Carotenoid Metabolism in Terrestrial Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1261:51-66. [PMID: 33783730 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial animals, especially insects, contain various carotenoids that show structural diversity. These animals accumulated carotenoids derived from plants and other animals and modified them through metabolic reactions. Therefore, most of the carotenoids found in terrestrial animals originated from plants. Conversely, recent investigation revealed that some species of aphids and spider mites synthesized carotenoid themselves by carotenoid biosynthetic genes, which were horizontally transferred from fungi. In this chapter, carotenoids in terrestrial animals are described from the viewpoints of natural product chemistry, metabolism, food chain, and chemosystematics.
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Villa-Rivera MG, Ochoa-Alejo N. Chili Pepper Carotenoids: Nutraceutical Properties and Mechanisms of Action. Molecules 2020; 25:E5573. [PMID: 33260997 PMCID: PMC7729576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper is a prominent cultivated horticultural crop that is traditionally used for food seasoning and is applied for the treatment and prevention of multiple diseases. Its beneficial health properties are due to its abundance and variety of bioactive components, such as carotenoids, capsaicinoids, and vitamins. In particular, carotenoids have important nutraceutical properties, and several studies have focused on their potential in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In this article, we reviewed the state of knowledge of general aspects of chili pepper carotenoids (biosynthesis pathway, types and content in Capsicum spp., and the effects of processing on carotenoid content) and recent findings on the effects of carotenoid nutraceuticals, such as antioxidant, cancer preventive, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular disorder preventive, and anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico;
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Li Z, Zheng J, Luo X, Manabe Y, Hirata T, Sugawara T. Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Siphonaxanthin from Green Algae. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060291. [PMID: 32492769 PMCID: PMC7345836 DOI: 10.3390/md18060291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Siphonaxanthin has been known to possess inhibitory effects against obesity, inflammation, and angiogenesis. However, little information on its in vivo bioavailability and biotransformation is available. To assess the bioavailability and metabolism of siphonaxanthin, its absorption and accumulation were evaluated using intestinal Caco-2 cells and Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. Siphonaxanthin was absorbed and exhibited non-uniform accumulation and distribution patterns in tissues of ICR mice. Notably, in addition to siphonaxanthin, three main compounds were detected following dietary administration of siphonaxanthin. Because the compounds showed changes on mass spectra compared with that of siphonaxanthin, they were presumed to be metabolites of siphonaxanthin in ICR mice. Siphonaxanthin mainly accumulated in stomach and small intestine, while putative metabolites of siphonaxanthin mainly accumulated in liver and adipose tissues. Furthermore, siphonaxanthin and its putative metabolites selectively accumulated in white adipose tissue (WAT), especially mesenteric WAT. These results provide useful evidence regarding the in vivo bioactivity of siphonaxanthin. In particular, the results regarding the specific accumulation of siphonaxanthin and its metabolites in WAT have important implications for understanding their anti-obesity effects and regulatory roles in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuosi Li
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Jiawen Zheng
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.M.); (T.H.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Osaka 5740011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.M.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-753-6212
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kos Durjava M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Aquilina G, Bories G, Gropp J, Renshaw D, Holczknecht O, Vettori MV, Kouba M. Safety and efficacy of saponified paprika extract, containing capsanthin as main carotenoid source, for poultry for fattening and laying (except turkeys). EFSA J 2020; 18:e06023. [PMID: 32874232 PMCID: PMC7447878 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of saponified paprika extract, containing capsanthin as main carotenoid source, for poultry for fattening and laying (except turkeys). The saponified paprika (Capsicum annuum) extract contains various carotenoids at a concentration of 25-90 g/kg of which capsanthin being the major one with quantity specified as > 35% of total carotenoids (TC). The maximum recommended use level of 40 mg TC/kg feed is safe for chickens for fattening and laying hens. The margin of safety is at least 6. This conclusion is extrapolated to minor poultry species for fattening and laying. The saponified paprika extract is not genotoxic. Based on the no observed effect level (NOEL) of the 90-day study in rat and the exposure estimates, the Panel considered that there would be an adequate margin of exposure (between 700 and 2000) to conclude that the level of exposure to residues of the saponified paprika (C. annuum) extract (capsanthin not less than 35% of TCs) in animal tissues and products does not raise concern for the safety for the consumer. The saponified paprika extract is a viscous paste and as such users will not be exposed by inhalation. The applicant recognises that the extract may be irritant to skin and eyes. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of any preparation to be toxic by inhalation, skin/eye irritant or skin sensitiser since no data were submitted. The use of saponified paprika extract in poultry feed raised no concern for the environment. Saponified paprika extract has the potential to pigment broiler skin and egg yolk. This conclusion is extrapolated to minor poultry species for fattening and laying.
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Kulkarni M, Goge N, Date AA. Development of Nanoemulsion Preconcentrate of Capsanthin with Improved Chemical Stability. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 18:34-44. [PMID: 31502853 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2019.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsanthin, like other carotenoids, exhibits poor aqueous solubility, poor stability, and low/variable oral bioavailability that limit its utility as a nutraceutical. In this study, we describe the development of anhydrous nanoemulsion preconcentrate of capsanthin, which upon dilution with water, spontaneously forms nanoemulsion resulting in improved solubility of capsanthin without compromising its chemical stability and antioxidant activity. We chose Food and Drug Administration-approved ingredients to develop capsanthin nanoemulsion preconcentrates. The optimized capsanthin nanoemulsion preconcentrate, upon dilution with water or buffers, yielded the nanoemulsion with size <50 nm and showed ∼8-fold higher capsanthin release in 1 h in 0.1 N HCl in vitro compared with pristine capsanthin. The 3-month stability studies at 25°C on the capsanthin nanoemulsion preconcentrate showed that capsanthin retained the physical and chemical stability with no alteration in antioxidant activity indicating that nanoemulsion preconcentrate can be used to effectively deliver capsanthin for health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SCES's Indira College of Pharmacy, Tathawade, Pune, India
| | - Nisha Goge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SCES's Indira College of Pharmacy, Tathawade, Pune, India
| | - Abhijit A Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii
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Nishino A, Sugimoto K, Sambe H, Ichihara T, Takaha T, Kuriki T. Effects of Dietary Paprika Xanthophylls on Ultraviolet Light-Induced Skin Damage: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:863-869. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haruyo Sambe
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd
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Granado-Lorencio F, Blanco-Navarro I, Pérez-Sacristán B, Hernández-Álvarez E. Biomarkers of carotenoid bioavailability. Food Res Int 2017; 99:902-916. [PMID: 28847427 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomarkers constitutes an essential tool to assess the bioavailability of carotenoids in humans. The present article aims to review several methodological, host-related and modulating factors relevant on assessing and interpreting carotenoid bioavailability. Markers for carotenoid bioavailability can be broadly divided into direct, biochemical or "analytical" markers and indirect, physiological or "functional" indicators. Analytical markers usually refer to biochemical indicators of intake and/or status (short and long term exposure) while functional measures may be interpreted in terms of cumulative exposure, biological effect (bioactivity) or modification of risk factors. Both types of markers display advantages and limitations but, in general, a relationship exists among the type of marker, the biological specimen needed and the time required for a change. Humans may absorb a wide range of carotenes and xanthophylls and many of them may be found in serum and tissues. However, under physiological conditions, the several classes of dietary carotenoids may behave unequally leading to a different systemic profile and, moreover, they can be selectively accumulated at target tissues. In addition, some carotenoids may be chemically and enzymatically modified generating different oxidative metabolites and apocarotenoids. Quantitatively, the biological response upon carotenoid intervention (assessed by analytical and functional markers) is highly variable but the use of large doses and long-term protocols may lead to saturation effects and the loss of linearity in the response. Also, despite carotenoid exposition is considered to be safe, markers of overexposure include clinical signs (i.e. carotenodermia, corneal rings and retinopathy) and biochemical indicators (hypercarotenemia, xanthophyll esters). Overall, both host-related and methodological factors may influence analytical and functional markers to assess carotenoid bioavailability although the different subclasses of carotenoids may not be equally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Granado-Lorencio
- Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Blanco-Navarro
- Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Pérez-Sacristán
- Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Spain
| | - E Hernández-Álvarez
- Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Assis RP, Arcaro CA, Gutierres VO, Oliveira JO, Costa PI, Baviera AM, Brunetti IL. Combined Effects of Curcumin and Lycopene or Bixin in Yoghurt on Inhibition of LDL Oxidation and Increases in HDL and Paraoxonase Levels in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E332. [PMID: 28333071 PMCID: PMC5412263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy using natural antioxidants to manage diabetes mellitus and its complications is an emerging trend. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes promoted by treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats with yoghurt enriched with the bioactives curcumin, lycopene, or bixin (the latter two being carotenoids). Antioxidants were administered individually, or as mixtures, and biomarkers of metabolic and oxidative disturbances, particularly those associated with cardiovascular risk, were assessed. Treatment of STZ-diabetic rats with natural products individually decreased glycemia, triacylglycerol, total-cholesterol, oxidative stress biomarkers, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Individual carotenoids increased both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and paraoxonase levels, whereas curcumin increased only paraoxonase. Treatments with mixtures of curcumin and lycopene or bixin had combined effects, decreasing biomarkers of carbohydrate and lipid disturbances (curcumin effect), increasing the HDL levels (carotenoids effects) and mitigating oxidative stress (curcumin and carotenoids effects). The combined effects also led to prevention of the LDL oxidation, thereby mitigating the cardiovascular risk in diabetes. These findings provide evidence for the beneficial effect of curcumin and carotenoid mixtures as a supplementation having antioxidant and antiatherogenic potentials, thus appearing as an interesting strategy to be studied as a complementary therapy for diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pires Assis
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Arcaro
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Vânia Ortega Gutierres
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Oriel Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Inácio Costa
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
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11
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Cervantes-Paz B, Victoria-Campos CI, Ornelas-Paz JDJ. Absorption of Carotenoids and Mechanisms Involved in Their Health-Related Properties. Subcell Biochem 2016; 79:415-454. [PMID: 27485232 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39126-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids participate in the normal metabolism and function of the human body. They are involved in the prevention of several diseases, especially those related to the inflammation syndrome. Their main mechanisms of action are associated to their potent antioxidant activity and capacity to regulate the expression of specific genes and proteins. Recent findings suggest that carotenoid metabolites may explain several processes where the participation of their parent carotenoids was unclear. The health benefits of carotenoids strongly depend on their absorption and transformation during gastrointestinal digestion. The estimation of the 'bioaccessibility' of carotenoids through in vitro models have made possible the evaluation of the effect of a large number of factors on key stages of carotenoid digestion and intestinal absorption. The bioaccessibility of these compounds allows us to have a clear idea of their potential bioavailability, a term that implicitly involves the biological activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Cervantes-Paz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial, C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Claudia I Victoria-Campos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial, C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - José de Jesús Ornelas-Paz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C.-Unidad Cuauhtémoc, Av. Río Conchos S/N, Parque Industrial, C.P. 31570, Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, Mexico.
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13
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Nishino A, Ichihara T, Takaha T, Kuriki T, Nihei H, Kawamoto K, Yasui H, Maoka T. Accumulation of Paprika Carotenoids in Human Plasma and Erythrocytes. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:1135-42. [PMID: 26369598 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation (incorporation) of paprika carotenoid in human plasma and erythrocytes was investigated. A paprika carotenoid supplement (14 mg/day) was ingested for 4 weeks by 5 young healthy volunteers (3 men and 2 women). After 2 weeks of carotenoid ingestion, the carotenoid levels in plasma and erythrocytes increased by 1.2-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. Characteristic carotenoids found in paprika (capsanthin, cucurbitaxanthin A, and cryptocapsin) were detected in both plasma and erythrocytes. An oxidative metabolite of capsanthin (capsanthone) was also found in both plasma and erythrocytes.
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Kiokias S, Proestos C, Varzakas T. A Review of the Structure, Biosynthesis, Absorption of Carotenoids-Analysis and Properties of their Common Natural Extracts. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.4.special-issue1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments familiar to all through the orange-red colours of popular foods like oranges, tomatoes and carrots and the yellow colour of many flowers. They have been studied for a number of years because of their diverse roles in photobiology, photochemistry and photo medicine. Carotenoids are also added as colorants to many manufactured foods, drinks, and animal feeds, either in the forms of natural extracts (e.g annatto, paprika or marigold extracts) or as pure compounds manufactured by chemical synthesis. Carotenoids are often described as provitamins A, as this particular vitamin is a product of carotenoid metabolism. The distribution of carotenoids among the different plant groups shows no obvious pattern. b-Carotene is the most abundant in leafy vegetables, though the colour is masked by its co-existence with chlorophyll, and this carotenoid has the highest vitamin A activity. Zeaxanthin, a-carotene and antheraxanthin are also present in small amounts. In the tomato, lycopene is the major carotenoid, while fruits contain varying proportions of cryptoxanthin, lutein and antheraxanthin. In this review paper the natural occurrence of carotenoids (with focus on certain natural extracts) is described along with its structure and physicochemical properties. The biosynthesis - industrial synthesis and absorption of carotenoids is also discussed. Finally, a brief overview of analysis and properties of commonly available natural carotenoid extracts (annato, paprika, xanthophylls, lycopene) are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kiokias
- Higher Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Dept. of Food Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Food Technology and Nutrition, Kalamata, Greece
| | - C Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - T Varzakas
- Higher Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Dept. of Food Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, Food Technology and Nutrition, Kalamata, Greece
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Lower Photostability of Capsanthin Dispersed in an Aqueous Solution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1313-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Absorption and metabolism of xanthophylls. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1024-1037. [PMID: 21747746 PMCID: PMC3131559 DOI: 10.3390/md9061024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary carotenoids, especially xanthophylls, have attracted significant attention because of their characteristic biological activities, including anti-allergic, anti-cancer, and anti-obese actions. Although no less than forty carotenoids are ingested under usual dietary habits, only six carotenoids and their metabolites have been found in human tissues, suggesting selectivity in the intestinal absorption of carotenoids. Recently, facilitated diffusion in addition to simple diffusion has been reported to mediate the intestinal absorption of carotenoids in mammals. The selective absorption of carotenoids may be caused by uptake to the intestinal epithelia by the facilitated diffusion and an unknown excretion to intestinal lumen. It is well known that β-carotene can be metabolized to vitamin A after intestinal absorption of carotenoids, but little is known about the metabolic transformation of non provitamin A xanthophylls. The enzymatic oxidation of the secondary hydroxyl group leading to keto-carotenoids would occur as a common pathway of xanthophyll metabolism in mammals. This paper reviews the absorption and metabolism of xanthophylls by introducing recent advances in this field.
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Abstract
A number of carotenoids with diverse structures are present in foods and have beneficial effects on human health due to their common antioxidant activity and their respective biological activities. The major carotenoids found in human tissues, however, are limited to several including such as β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein. We have little knowledge of whether carotenoids are selectively absorbed in intestine and metabolized discriminately in the body. Moreover, the metabolic transformation of carotenoids in mammals other than vitamin A formation has not been fully elucidated. Here, the intestinal absorption and oxidative metabolism of dietary carotenoids are reviewed with a focus on dietary xanthophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Nagao
- National Food Research institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Yonekura L, Kobayashi M, Terasaki M, Nagao A. Keto-carotenoids are the major metabolites of dietary lutein and fucoxanthin in mouse tissues. J Nutr 2010; 140:1824-31. [PMID: 20739451 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.126466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, a xanthophyll present in brown algae consumed in Eastern Asia, can suppress carcinogenesis and obesity in rodents. We investigated the metabolism, tissue distribution, and depletion of fucoxanthin in ICR mice by comparison with those of lutein. The experiments comprised 14-d dietary supplementation with lutein esters or fucoxanthin, followed by 41- or 28-d, respectively, depletion periods with carotenoid-free diets. After lutein ester supplementation, 3'-hydroxy-ε,ε-caroten-3-one and lutein were the predominant carotenoids in plasma and tissues, accompanied by ε,ε-carotene-3,3'-dione. The presence of these keto-carotenoids in mouse tissues is reported here for the first time, to our knowledge. Lutein and its metabolites accumulated most in the liver (7.51 μmol/kg), followed by plasma (2.11 μmol/L), adipose tissues (1.01-1.44 μmol/kg), and kidney (0.87 μmol/kg). The half-life of the depletion (t(1/2)) of lutein metabolites varied as follows: plasma (1.16 d) < liver (2.63 d) < kidney (4.44 d) < < < adipose tissues (>41 d). Fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A were the main metabolites in mice fed fucoxanthin and partitioned more into adipose tissues (3.13-3.64 μmol/kg) than into plasma, liver, and kidney (1.29-1.80 μmol/kg). Fucoxanthin metabolites had shorter t(1/2) in plasma, liver, and kidneys (0.92-1.23 d) compared with those of adipose tissues (2.76-4.81 d). The tissue distribution of lutein and fucoxanthin metabolites was not associated with their lipophilicity, but depletion seemed to be slower for more lipophilic compounds. We concluded that mice actively convert lutein and fucoxanthin to keto-carotenoids by oxidizing the secondary hydroxyl groups and accumulate them in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yonekura
- National Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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Kiokias S, Varzakas T, Oreopoulou V. In vitro activity of vitamins, flavonoids, and natural phenolic antioxidants against the oxidative deterioration of oil-based systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:78-93. [PMID: 18274966 DOI: 10.1080/10408390601079975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known, that lipid antioxidants can retard the oxidative rancidity of foods caused by atmospheric oxidation, and thus protect oils, fats, and fat-soluble components from their quality degradation. In the last few years, much emphasis has been put on the promotion and use of natural antioxidants, commonly occurring in many fruits and vegetables and thereby produced from various natural extracts. This review gives a summary of previously reported work together with more recent trends in the field of natural antioxidants. Focus is given on the mechanism of actions and the inhibitory effect of certain vitamins against the oxidative degradation of oil-based systems. Moreover, the use of natural phenolics (flavonoids, olive-oil penolics, herb extracts etc.) as antioxidants in numerous lipid food applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Kiokias
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens
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Opinion of the Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the safety of use of colouring agents in animal nutrition PART II. Capsanthin, Citranaxanthin, and Cryptoxanthin. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the safety of use of colouring agents in animal nutrition - PART I. General Principles and Astaxanthin. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kiokias S, Gordon MH. Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57:1135-40. [PMID: 12947433 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture counteracts the enhancement of oxidative stress induced by consumption of fish oil. DESIGN A randomised double-blind crossover dietary intervention. SETTING Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTION A total of 32 free-living healthy nonsmoking volunteers were recruited by posters and e-mails in The University of Reading. One volunteer withdrew during the study. The volunteers consumed a daily supplement comprising capsules containing fish oil (4 x 1 g) or fish oil (4 x 1 g) containing a natural carotenoid mixture (4 x 7.6 mg) for 3 weeks in a randomised crossover design separated by a 12 week washout phase. The carotenoid mixture provided a daily intake of beta-carotene (6.0 mg), alpha-carotene (1.4 mg), lycopene (4.5 mg), bixin (11.7 mg), lutein (4.4 mg) and paprika carotenoids (2.2 mg). Blood and urine samples were collected on days 0 and 21 of each dietary period. RESULTS The carotenoid mixture reduced the fall in ex vivo oxidative stability of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by the fish oil (P=0.045) and it reduced the extent of DNA damage assessed by the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in urine (P=0.005). There was no effect on the oxidative stability of plasma ex vivo assessed by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity test. beta-Carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene and lutein were increased in the plasma of subjects consuming the carotenoid mixture. Plasma triglyceride levels were reduced significantly more than the reduction for the fish oil control (P=0.035), but total cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels were not significantly changed by the consumption of the carotenoid mixture. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of the natural carotenoid mixture lowered the increase in oxidative stress induced by the fish oil as assessed by ex vivo oxidative stability of LDL and DNA degradation product in urine. The carotenoid mixture also enhanced the plasma triglyceride-lowering effect of the fish oil. SPONSORSHIP : The study was supported by funding from the Greek Studentship Foundation and from Unilever Bestfoods plc. Carotenoids were contributed by Overseal Foods plc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kiokias
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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The effect of paprika carotenoids on in vivo lipid peroxidation measured by urinary excretion of secondary oxidation products. Nutr Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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ADE-OMOWAYE BIO, ANGERSBACH A, TAIWO KA, KNORR D. THE USE OF PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS IN PRODUCING JUICE FROM PAPRIKA (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2001.tb00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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