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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Latorre J, Lluch A, Ortega FJ, Comas F, Arnoriaga-Rodríguez M, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM. Lysozyme is a component of the innate immune system linked to obesity associated-chronic low-grade inflammation and altered glucose tolerance. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1420-1429. [PMID: 32943240 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several proteins of the innate immune system are known to be deregulated with insulin resistance. We here aimed to investigate the relationship among circulating lysozyme (both plasma concentration and activity) and obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. METHODS Plasma lysozyme concentration was determined cross-sectionally in a discovery (Cohort 1, n = 137) and in a replication cohort (Cohort 2, n = 181), in which plasma lysozyme activity was also analyzed. Plasma lysozyme was also evaluated longitudinally in participants from the replication cohort (n = 93). Leukocyte lysozyme expression (LYZ mRNA) were also investigated in an independent cohort (Cohort 3, n = 76), and adipose tissue (AT) LYZ mRNA (n = 25) and plasma peptidoglycan levels (n = 61) in subcohorts from discovery cohort. RESULTS Translocation of peptidoglycan (as inferred from its increased circulating levels) was linked to plasma lysozyme, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia in obese subjects. In both discovery and replication cohorts, plasma lysozyme levels and activity were significantly increased in obesity in direct association with obesity-associated metabolic disturbances and inflammatory parameters, being circulating lysozyme negatively correlated with fasting glucose, HbA1c and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in obese subjects. Of note, total cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.003) contributed independently to age-, gender- and BMI adjusted plasma lysozyme activity. Longitudinally, changes in HbA1c levels and serum LDL cholesterol were negatively associated with circulating lysozyme antimicrobial activity. On the contrary, the change in glucose infusion rate during the clamp (insulin sensitivity) was positively associated with lysozyme concentration. CONCLUSIONS Increased plasma lysozyme levels and activity are found in obese subjects. The longitudinal findings suggest that plasma lysozyme might be protective on the development of obesity-associated metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Jèssica Latorre
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina Lluch
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Comas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arnoriaga-Rodríguez
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta", Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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Saito H, Sakakibara Y, Sakata A, Kurashige R, Murakami D, Kageshima H, Saito A, Miyazaki Y. Antibacterial activity of lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (LYZOX) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217504. [PMID: 31136634 PMCID: PMC6538184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria requires the development of new antibiotics or new agents capable of enhancing antibiotic activity. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (LYZOX) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which should resolve the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bactericidal tests showed that LYZOX killed 50% more P. aeruginosa (NBRC 13275), A. baumannii and MRSA than the control treatment after 60 min. In addition, LYZOX was shown to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa (NBRC 13275 and PAO1), A. baumannii and MRSA better than its components. To elucidate the antibacterial mechanism of LYZOX, we performed cell membrane integrity assays, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine assays, 2-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy. These results showed that LYZOX affected bacterial cell walls and increased the permeability of the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Furthermore, each type of bacteria treated with LYZOX was observed by electron microscopy. Electron micrographs revealed that these bacteria had the morphological features of both lysozyme-treated and chitosan oligosaccharide-treated bacteria and that LYZOX destroyed bacterial cell walls, which caused the release of intracellular contents from cells. An acquired drug resistance test revealed that these bacteria were not able to acquire resistance to LYZOX. The hemolytic toxicity test demonstrated the low hemolytic activity of LYZOX. In conclusion, LYZOX exhibited antibacterial activity and low drug resistance in the presence of P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and MRSA and showed low hemolytic toxicity. LYZOX affected bacterial membranes, leading to membrane disruption and the release of intracellular contents and consequent bacterial cell death. LYZOX may serve as a novel candidate drug that could be used for the control of refractory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Sakakibara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sakata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kurashige
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Saito
- Wako Filter Technology Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gavrilov Y, Shental-Bechor D, Greenblatt HM, Levy Y. Glycosylation May Reduce Protein Thermodynamic Stability by Inducing a Conformational Distortion. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3572-3577. [PMID: 26722726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays not only a functional role but can also modify the biophysical properties of the modified protein. Usually, natural glycosylation results in protein stabilization; however, in vitro and in silico studies showed that sometimes glycosylation results in thermodynamic destabilization. Here, we applied coarse-grained and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to understand the mechanism underlying the loss of stability of the MM1 protein by glycosylation. We show that the origin of the destabilization is a conformational distortion of the protein caused by the interaction of the monosaccharide with the protein surface. Though glycosylation creates new short-range glycan-protein interactions that stabilize the conjugated protein, it breaks long-range protein-protein interactions. This has a destabilizing effect because the probability of long- and short-range interactions forming differs between the folded and unfolded states. The destabilization originates not from simple loss of interactions but due to a trade-off between the short- and long-range interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Gavrilov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dalit Shental-Bechor
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Harry M Greenblatt
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Amyloid Fibril Formation of Hen Lysozyme Depends on the Instability of the C-Helix (88-99). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:1523-30. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xu X, Kashima O, Saito A, Azakami H, Kato A. Structural and Functional Properties of Chicken Lysozyme Fused Serine-rich Heptapeptides at the C-Terminus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:1273-8. [PMID: 15215591 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two serine-rich heptapeptides, Ser-Ser-Ser-Lys-Ser-Ser-Ser (S6K) and Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser (S7), were fused to the C-terminus of chicken lysozyme (Lz) by genetic modification to improve the functional properties of lysozyme. The cDNAs of S6K-lysozyme (S6K-Lz) and S7-lysozyme (S7-Lz) were inserted into the expression vector of Pichia pastoris and secreted in yeast cultivation medium. The secretion amounts of S6K-Lz and S7-Lz were about 60% of that of wild-type lysozyme (Wt-Lz). The CD spectra showed that the conformation of S6K-Lz and S7-Lz was conserved regardless of the attachment of serine-rich peptides. The denaturation curves of S6K-Lz and S7-Lz also showed that the conformational changes were very small. The lytic activity of S6K-Lz and S7-Lz was almost the same as that of Wt-Lz, while the bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli of S6K-Lz and S7-Lz was greatly increased. The acetic acid-urea PAGE of phosphatase-treated S6K-Lz and S7-Lz indicated the possibility of phosphorylation of the fused serine-rich heptapeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Relationship between the Stability of Hen Egg-White Lysozymes Mutated at Sites Designed to Interact with α-Helix Dipoles and Their Secretion Amounts in Yeast. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2952-61. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Akond MA, Matsuda Y, Ishimaru T, Iwai K, Saito A, Kato A, Tanaka S, Kobayashi J, Koga D. Characterization of a yam class IV chitinase produced by recombinant Pichia pastoris X-33. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:222-30. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.885825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb) class IV chitinase, whose genomic DNA was cloned by Mitsunaga et al. (2004), was produced by the recombinant Pichia pastoris X-33 in high yields such as 66 mg/L of culture medium. The chitinase was purified by column chromatography after Endoglycosidase H treatment and then characterized. It showed properties similar to the original chitinase E purified from the yam tuber reported by Arakane et al. (2000). This Pichia-produced chitinase also showed strong lytic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora nicotianae, wide pH and thermal stability, optimum activity at higher temperature such as 70 °C, and high substrate affinity, indicating that one can use this Pichia-produced yam chitinase as a bio-control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Akond
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishimaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ken Iwai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Faculty of Life Design, Yamaguchi University of Human Welfare and Culture, Hagi, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Akio Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Jun Kobayashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Daizo Koga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Faculty of Life Design, Yamaguchi University of Human Welfare and Culture, Hagi, Japan
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Characterization of a new (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase from the Japanese apricot Prunus mume and cDNA cloning and secretory expression of one of the isozymes in Pichia pastoris. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:214-20. [PMID: 21307605 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PmHNL, a hydroxynitrile lyase from Japanese apricot ume (Prunus mume) seed was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatographic steps. The purified enzyme was a monomer with molecular mass of 58 kDa. It was a flavoprotein similar to other hydroxynitrile lyases of the Rosaceae family. It was active over a broad temperature, and pH range. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (20 amino acids) was identical with that of the enzyme from almond (Prunus dulcis). Based on the N-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme and the conserved amino acid sequences of the enzymes from Pr. dulcis, inverse PCR method was used for cloning of a putative PmHNL (PmHNL2) gene from a Pr. mume seedling. Then the cDNA for the enzyme was cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence was found to be highly similar (95%) to that of an enzyme from Pr. serotina, isozyme 2. The recombinant Pichia pastoris transformed with the PmHNL2 gene secreted an active enzyme in glycosylated form.
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Casaite V, Bruzyte S, Bukauskas V, Setkus A, Morozova-Roche LA, Meskys R. Expression and purification of active recombinant equine lysozyme in Escherichia coli. Protein Eng Des Sel 2009; 22:649-54. [PMID: 19651623 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine lysozyme (EL) is a calcium (Ca)-binding lysozyme and is an intermediary link between non-Ca-binding C-type lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin. The feature of lysozymes to assemble into the fibrils has recently gained considerable attention for the investigation of the functional properties of these proteins. To study the structural and functional properties of EL, a synthetic gene was cloned and EL was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a fused protein. The His-tagged recombinant EL was accumulated as inclusion bodies. Up to 50 mg/l of the recombinant EL could be achieved after purification by Ni(2+) affinity chromatography, refolding in the presence of arginine, CM-Sepharose column purification following TEV protease cleavage. The purified protein was functionally active, as determined by the lysozyme activity, proving the proper folding of protein. The purified lysozyme was used for the oligomerisation studies. The protein formed amyloid fibrils during incubation in acidic pH and elevated temperature. The recombinant EL forms two types of fibrils: ring shaped and linear, similar to the native EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Casaite
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku 12, Vilnius LT-08662, Lithuania.
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Bagger HL, Hoffmann SV, Fuglsang CC, Westh P. Glycoprotein-surfactant interactions: A calorimetric and spectroscopic investigation of the phytase-SDS system. Biophys Chem 2007; 129:251-8. [PMID: 17618035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and two glyco-variants of the enzyme phytase from Peniophora lycii were investigated. One variant (Phy) was heavily glycosylated while the other (dgPhy) was enzymatically deglycosylated. Effects at 24 degrees C of titrating SDS to Phy and dgPhy were studied by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy. Comparisons of results for the two variants were used to elucidate glycan-surfactant interrelationships. The CD spectra suggested that both the native and the SDS-denatured states of the two variants were mutually similar, and hence that the denaturation process was structurally equivalent for the two glyco-variants. The denatured state was far from fully unfolded and probably retained a substantial content of native-like structure. Furthermore, it was found that the glycans brought about only a small increase in the resistance towards SDS induced denaturation. The SDS concentration required to denature half of the protein molecules differed less than 1 mM for the two variants. The affinity for SDS of both variants was unusually low. The amount of bound SDS (w/w) at different stages of the binding isotherm was 3-10 times lower than that reported for the most previously investigated globular proteins. Analysis of the relative affinity of the glycan and peptide moieties suggested that the carbohydrates bind much less surfactant. At saturation, glycans adsorbed about half as much SDS (in g/g) as the peptide moiety of Phy and about five times less than average proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Bagger
- Dept. of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, Building 18.1 P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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