1
|
Analysis of bluetongue disease epizootics in sheep of Andhra Pradesh, India using spatial and temporal autocorrelation. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:967-978. [PMID: 35194693 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) disease poses a constant risk to the livestock population around the world. A better understanding of the risk factors will enable a more accurate prediction of the place and time of high-risk events. Mapping the disease epizootics over a period in a particular geographic area will identify the spatial distribution of disease occurrence. A Geographical Information System (GIS) based methodology to analyze the relationship between bluetongue epizootics and spatial-temporal patterns was used for the years 2000 to 2015 in sheep of Andhra Pradesh, India. Autocorrelation (ACF), partial autocorrelation (PACF), and cross-correlation (CCF) analyses were carried out to find the self-dependency between BT epizootics and their dependencies on environmental factors and livestock population. The association with climatic or remote sensing variables at different months lag, including wind speed, temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), land surface temperature (LST), was also examined. The ACF & PACF of BT epizootics with its lag showed a significant positive autocorrelation with a month's lag (r = 0.41). Cross-correlations between the environmental variables and BT epizootics indicated the significant positive correlations at 0, 1, and 2 month's lag of rainfall, relative humidity, normalized difference water index (NDWI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Spatial autocorrelation analysis estimated the univariate global Moran's I value of 0.21. Meanwhile, the local Moran's I value for the year 2000 (r = 0.32) showed a high degree of spatial autocorrelation. The spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the BT epizootics in sheep are having considerable spatial association among the outbreaks in nearby districts, and have to be taken care of while making any forecasting or disease prediction with other risk factors.
Collapse
|
2
|
Thota R, Ganji VK, Machanagari S, Yella NR, Buddala B, Yadlapati K, Rao PP, Maan S, Maan NS, Hemadri D, Singh KP, Putty K. VP2 Gene-Based Molecular Evolutionary Patterns of Major Circulating Bluetongue Virus Serotypes Isolated during 2014-2018 from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh States of India. Intervirology 2020; 64:1-8. [PMID: 33378762 DOI: 10.1159/000512131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bluetongue disease is an economically important viral disease of livestock caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) having multiple serotypes. It belongs to the genus Orbivirus of family Reoviridae and subfamily Sedoreovirinae. The genome of BTV is 10 segmented dsRNA that codes for 7 structural and 4 nonstructural proteins, of which VP2 was reported to be serotype-specific and a major antigenic determinant. OBJECTIVE It is important to know the circulating serotypes in a particular geographical location for effective control of the disease. The present study unravels the molecular evolution of the circulating BTV serotypes during 2014-2018 in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states of India. METHODS Multiple sequence alignment with available BTV serotypes in GenBank and phylogenetic analysis were performed for the partial VP2 sequences of major circulating BTV serotypes during the study period. RESULTS The multiple sequence alignment of circulating serotypes with respective reference isolates revealed variations in antigenic VP2. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the major circulating serotypes were grouped into eastern topotypes (BTV-1, BTV-2, BTV-4, and BTV-16) and Western topotypes (BTV-5, BTV-12, and BTV-24). CONCLUSION Our study strengthens the need for development of an effective vaccine, which can induce the immune response for a range of serotypes within and in between topotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravali Thota
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vishweshwar Kumar Ganji
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sharanya Machanagari
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Narasimha Reddy Yella
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Buddala
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Sushila Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Narender S Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Karam Pal Singh
- Pathology Laboratory, CADRAD, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India,
| |
Collapse
|