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Bianchi E, Costa E, Yan ZJ, Murphy L, Howell J, Anderson D, Mukerji P, Venkatraman A, Terry C, Johnson KJ. A rat subchronic study transcriptional point of departure estimates a carcinogenicity study apical point of departure. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111869. [PMID: 33217531 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Considerations of human relevance and animal use are driving research to identify new approaches to inform risk assessment of chemicals and replace guideline-based rodent carcinogenicity tests. Here, the hypothesis was tested across four agrochemicals that 1) a rat 90-day transcriptome-based BEPOD is protective of a rat carcinogenicity study and 2) a subchronic liver or kidney BEPOD would approximate a cancer bioassay apical POD derived from other organs and a rat subchronic BEPOD would approximate a mouse cancer bioassay apical POD. Using RNA sequencing and BMDExpress software, liver and/or kidney BEPOD values were generated in male rats exposed for 90 days to either Triclopyr Acid, Pronamide, Sulfoxaflor, or Fenpicoxamid. BEPOD values were compared to benchmark dose-derived apical POD values generated from rat 90-day and rodent carcinogenicity studies. Across all four agrochemicals, findings showed that a rat 90-day study BEPOD approximated the most sensitive apical POD (within 10-fold) generated from the 90-day rat study and long-term rodent carcinogenicity studies. This study supports the conclusion that a subchronic transcriptome-based BEPOD could be utilized to estimate an apical POD within a risk-based approach of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity agrochemical assessment, abrogating the need for time- and resource-intensive rodent carcinogenicity studies and minimizing animal testing.
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2
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Ngo LP, Owiti NA, Swartz C, Winters J, Su Y, Ge J, Xiong A, Han J, Recio L, Samson LD, Engelward B. Sensitive CometChip assay for screening potentially carcinogenic DNA adducts by trapping DNA repair intermediates. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e13. [PMID: 31822921 PMCID: PMC7026589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing is critical for predicting adverse effects of pharmaceutical, industrial, and environmental chemicals. The alkaline comet assay is an established method for detecting DNA strand breaks, however, the assay does not detect potentially carcinogenic bulky adducts that can arise when metabolic enzymes convert pro-carcinogens into a highly DNA reactive products. To overcome this, we use DNA synthesis inhibitors (hydroxyurea and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl cytosine) to trap single strand breaks that are formed during nucleotide excision repair, which primarily removes bulky lesions. In this way, comet-undetectable bulky lesions are converted into comet-detectable single strand breaks. Moreover, we use HepaRG™ cells to recapitulate in vivo metabolic capacity, and leverage the CometChip platform (a higher throughput more sensitive comet assay) to create the 'HepaCometChip', enabling the detection of bulky genotoxic lesions that are missed by current genotoxicity screens. The HepaCometChip thus provides a broadly effective approach for detection of bulky DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le P Ngo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Norah A Owiti
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carol Swartz
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - John Winters
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aoli Xiong
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leslie Recio
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Chi C, Giri SS, Jun JW, Kim HJ, Yun S, Kim SW, Kang JW, Park SC. Detoxification, Apoptosis, and Immune Transcriptomic Responses of the Gill Tissue of Bay Scallop Following Exposure to the Algicide Thiazolidinedione 49. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080310. [PMID: 31357635 PMCID: PMC6722943 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione 49 (TD49), a newly synthesized algicide, shows strong toxicity at low concentrations of 0.1-2.0 μM. However, its potential effects on non-target species at the transcript level were not investigated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the gills of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, were accessed after treatment with 0.68 μM TD49 for up to 48 h. Following exposure, it was observed that 5214 genes were upregulated and 3497 were downregulated. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the apoptosis pathway was activated. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway was activated and the survival factors related pathway was suppressed. Furthermore, gene expressions related to ATP-binding cassette, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor, B cell lymphoma-2 family protein, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, NADPH2:quinone reductase, and superoxide dismutase were decreased. Conversely, gene expressions related to FAS-associated death domain protein, glutathione S-transferase, caspase 6, 8, cytochrome P450 1A1, and 2C8 were increased. These results comprehensively demonstrated the toxicity of the novel algicide TD49, and should draw the attention of researchers to the importance of analyzing the potential impact of chemical compounds as algicides to control the proliferation of harmful algae, due to the secondary pollution caused by their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Wang H, Pan L, Xu R, Miao J, Si L, Pan L. Comparative transcriptome analysis between the short-term stress and long-term adaptation of the Ruditapes philippinarum in response to benzo[a]pyrene. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 204:59-69. [PMID: 30189351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to monitor the pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the seawater environment, screening biomarkers capable of monitoring PAHs is the focus of many studies. The transcriptomic profiles of the digestive gland tissue from the R. philippinarum groups after the exposure to BaP (4 μg/L) at four time points (0, 0.5, 6 and 15 days) were investigated to globally screen the key genes and pathways involved in the responses to short-term stress and long-term adaptation of BaP resistance. By comparative transcriptome analysis, 233, 282 and 58 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 0.5 day, 6 day and 15 day (vs 0 day). The differential expression genes were related to stress response, detoxification metabolic process and innate immunity. DEGs of each group at different stages were clustered in six profiles based on gene expression pattern. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were used on all genes to determine the biological functions and processes. We selected Multidrug resistance protein 3 (MRP3), transcriptional regulator ATRX-like isoform X2 (ATRX) as biomarker indicator genes for short-term pollution monitoring and NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 (NQO1), Complement C1q-like protein 4 (C1q), Glutathione-S-transferase theta (GST), E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) for long-term pollution monitoring based on the different expression patterns and the function in detoxification and antioxidant defense system. Besides, the expression of seven genes was measured through Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) according to their gene expression patterns which was confirmed by the DGE analysis. Taken together, adoption of transcriptomic analysis to explore the bivalves' mRNA abundance changes and detoxification metabolic mechanism under the BaP stress at different time points can aid the development of sensitive and informed molecular endpoints for application towards ecotoxicogenomic monitoring of bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruiyi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingjun Si
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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5
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Marongiu F, Serra M, Laconi E. Development versus Evolution in Cancer Biology. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:342-348. [PMID: 29709258 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The terms 'development' and 'evolution' are both used to describe the unfolding of the carcinogenic process. However, there is increasing awareness of an essential difference in the meanings of these two terms with reference to cancer. We discuss evidence suggesting that the concepts of development and evolution are both pertinent to the description of carcinogenesis; however, they appropriately apply to distinct phases of a multistep process. Such a distinction bears important implications for the study and management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marongiu
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Serra
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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Smirnova L, Kleinstreuer N, Corvi R, Levchenko A, Fitzpatrick SC, Hartung T. 3S - Systematic, systemic, and systems biology and toxicology. ALTEX 2018; 35:139-162. [PMID: 29677694 PMCID: PMC6696989 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1804051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A biological system is more than the sum of its parts - it accomplishes many functions via synergy. Deconstructing the system down to the molecular mechanism level necessitates the complement of reconstructing functions on all levels, i.e., in our conceptualization of biology and its perturbations, our experimental models and computer modelling. Toxicology contains the somewhat arbitrary subclass "systemic toxicities"; however, there is no relevant toxic insult or general disease that is not systemic. At least inflammation and repair are involved that require coordinated signaling mechanisms across the organism. However, the more body components involved, the greater the challenge to reca-pitulate such toxicities using non-animal models. Here, the shortcomings of current systemic testing and the development of alternative approaches are summarized. We argue that we need a systematic approach to integrating existing knowledge as exemplified by systematic reviews and other evidence-based approaches. Such knowledge can guide us in modelling these systems using bioengineering and virtual computer models, i.e., via systems biology or systems toxicology approaches. Experimental multi-organ-on-chip and microphysiological systems (MPS) provide a more physiological view of the organism, facilitating more comprehensive coverage of systemic toxicities, i.e., the perturbation on organism level, without using substitute organisms (animals). The next challenge is to establish disease models, i.e., micropathophysiological systems (MPPS), to expand their utility to encompass biomedicine. Combining computational and experimental systems approaches and the chal-lenges of validating them are discussed. The suggested 3S approach promises to leverage 21st century technology and systematic thinking to achieve a paradigm change in studying systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Smirnova
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), EU Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Yale Systems Biology Institute and Biomedical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suzanne C Fitzpatrick
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Baltimore, MD, USA.
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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7
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Callegaro G, Malkoc K, Corvi R, Urani C, Stefanini FM. A comprehensive statistical classifier of foci in the cell transformation assay for carcinogenicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:351-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Corvi R, Madia F, Guyton KZ, Kasper P, Rudel R, Colacci A, Kleinjans J, Jennings P. Moving forward in carcinogenicity assessment: Report of an EURL ECVAM/ESTIV workshop. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:278-286. [PMID: 28911985 PMCID: PMC5735222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased need to develop novel alternative approaches to the two-year rodent bioassay for the carcinogenicity assessment of substances where the rodent bioassay is still a basic requirement, as well as for those substances where animal use is banned or limited or where information gaps are identified within legislation. The current progress in this area was addressed in a EURL ECVAM- ESTIV workshop held in October 2016, in Juan les Pins. A number of initiatives were presented and discussed, including data-driven, technology-driven and pathway-driven approaches. Despite a seemingly diverse range of strategic developments, commonalities are emerging. For example, providing insight into carcinogenicity mechanisms is becoming an increasingly appreciated aspect of hazard assessment and is suggested to be the best strategy to drive new developments. Thus, now more than ever, there is a need to combine and focus efforts towards the integration of available information between sectors. Such cross-sectorial harmonisation will aid in building confidence in new approach methods leading to increased implementation and thus a decreased necessity for the two-year rodent bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), EU Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Ispra, (VA), Italy.
| | - Federica Madia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), EU Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Kasper
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Annamaria Colacci
- Centre for Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Emilia Romagna Region, Italy
| | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Corvi R, Vilardell M, Aubrecht J, Piersma A. Validation of Transcriptomics-Based In Vitro Methods. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 856:243-257. [PMID: 27671726 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33826-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The field of transcriptomics has expanded rapidly during the last decades. This methodology provides an exceptional framework to study not only molecular changes underlying the adverse effects of a given compound, but also to understand its Mode of Action (MoA). However, the implementation of transcriptomics-based tests within the regulatory arena is not a straightforward process. One of the major obstacles in their regulatory implementation is still the interpretation of this new class of data and the judgment of the level of confidence of these tests. A key element in the regulatory acceptance of transcriptomics-based tests is validation, which still represents a major challenge. Although important advances have been made in the development and standardisation of such tests, to date there is limited experience with their validation. Taking into account the experience acquired so far, this chapter describes those aspects that were identified as important in the validation process of transcriptomics-based tests, including the assessment of standardisation, reliability and relevance. It also critically discusses the challenges posed to validation in relation to the specific characteristics of these approaches and their application in the wider context of testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | | | - Jiri Aubrecht
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Aldert Piersma
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Herwig R, Gmuender H, Corvi R, Bloch KM, Brandenburg A, Castell J, Ceelen L, Chesne C, Doktorova TY, Jennen D, Jennings P, Limonciel A, Lock EA, McMorrow T, Phrakonkham P, Radford R, Slattery C, Stierum R, Vilardell M, Wittenberger T, Yildirimman R, Ryan M, Rogiers V, Kleinjans J. Inter-laboratory study of human in vitro toxicogenomics-based tests as alternative methods for evaluating chemical carcinogenicity: a bioinformatics perspective. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2215-2229. [PMID: 26525393 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals with alternative, human-based in vitro systems has become a major goal of toxicogenomics. The central read-out of these assays is the transcriptome, and while many studies exist that explored the gene expression responses of such systems, reports on robustness and reproducibility, when testing them independently in different laboratories, are still uncommon. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge about variability induced by the data analysis protocols. We have conducted an inter-laboratory study for testing chemical carcinogenicity evaluating two human in vitro assays: hepatoma-derived cells and hTERT-immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, representing liver and kidney as major target organs. Cellular systems were initially challenged with thirty compounds, genome-wide gene expression was measured with microarrays, and hazard classifiers were built from this training set. Subsequently, each system was independently established in three different laboratories, and gene expression measurements were conducted using anonymized compounds. Data analysis was performed independently by two separate groups applying different protocols for the assessment of inter-laboratory reproducibility and for the prediction of carcinogenic hazard. As a result, both workflows came to very similar conclusions with respect to (1) identification of experimental outliers, (2) overall assessment of robustness and inter-laboratory reproducibility and (3) re-classification of the unknown compounds to the respective toxicity classes. In summary, the developed bioinformatics workflows deliver accurate measures for inter-laboratory comparison studies, and the study can be used as guidance for validation of future carcinogenicity assays in order to implement testing of human in vitro alternatives to animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Herwig
- Department Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - H Gmuender
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Corvi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), European Commission Joint Research Centre, TP 126, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - K M Bloch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - A Brandenburg
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Castell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Ceelen
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Chesne
- Biopredic International, Parc d'affaires de la Bretèche, Bldg. A4, 35760, St Gregoire, France
| | - T Y Doktorova
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Limonciel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E A Lock
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - T McMorrow
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P Phrakonkham
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), European Commission Joint Research Centre, TP 126, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Radford
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C Slattery
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R Stierum
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - M Vilardell
- Department Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Wittenberger
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Yildirimman
- Department Computational Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Ryan
- Conway Institute, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - V Rogiers
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Caiment F, Gaj S, Claessen S, Kleinjans J. High-throughput data integration of RNA-miRNA-circRNA reveals novel insights into mechanisms of benzo[a]pyrene-induced carcinogenicity. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2525-34. [PMID: 25690898 PMCID: PMC4357716 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chain of events leading from a toxic compound exposure to carcinogenicity is still barely understood. With the emergence of high-throughput sequencing, it is now possible to discover many different biological components simultaneously. Using two different RNA libraries, we sequenced the complete transcriptome of human HepG2 liver cells exposed to benzo[a]pyrene, a potent human carcinogen, across six time points. Data were integrated in order to reveal novel complex chemical–gene interactions. Notably, we hypothesized that the inhibition of MGMT, a DNA damage response enzyme, by the over-expressed miR-181a-1_3p induced by BaP, may lead to liver cancer over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Stan Gaj
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Claessen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200, The Netherlands
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12
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Cai Y, Pan L, Hu F, Jin Q, Liu T. Deep sequencing-based transcriptome profiling analysis of Chlamys farreri exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. Gene 2014; 551:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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A review on ochratoxin A transcriptomic studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:766-83. [PMID: 23747715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in male rats. Transcriptomic studies on OTA (4 in vitro, 6 in vivo, 2 in vitro/in vivo) have been reviewed. The aim of 6 of them was mainly mechanistic whereas the rest had mostly predictive (1) or evaluation (5) purposes. An overall tendency towards gene expression downregulation was observed, probably as a result of protein synthesis inhibition. DNA damage response genes were not deregulated in most of the studies. Genes involved in acute renal injury, cell survival and cell proliferation were upregulated in several in vivo studies. Apoptosis genes were deregulated in vitro but less affected in vivo; activation of several MAPKs has been observed. Many genes related to oxidative stress or involved in cell-to-cell interaction pathways (Wnt) or cytoskeleton structure appeared to be deregulated either in vitro or in vivo. Regucalcin was highly downregulated in vivo and other calcium homeostasis genes were significantly deregulated in vitro. Genes related to OTA transport (OATs) and metabolism (CYPs) appeared downregulated in vivo. Overall, the mechanism of action of OTA remains unclear, however transcriptomic data have contributed to new mechanistic hypothesis generation and to in vitro-in vivo comparison.
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Carpenter DO, Bushkin-Bedient S. Exposure to chemicals and radiation during childhood and risk for cancer later in life. J Adolesc Health 2013; 52:S21-9. [PMID: 23601608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many chemical carcinogens are in food, water, air, household products, and personal care products. Although genetic susceptibility is an important factor in how an individual responds to exposure to a carcinogen, heritable genetic factors alone account for only a minor portion of cancer rates. METHODS We review the evidence that early life exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and ionizing radiation results in elevations in cancer later in life. RESULTS Because cells are rapidly dividing and organ systems are developing during childhood and adolescence, exposure to carcinogens during these early life stages is a major risk factor for cancer later in life. Because young people have many expected years of life, the clinical manifestations of cancers caused by carcinogens have more time in which to develop during characteristically long latency periods. Many chemical carcinogens persist in the body for decades and increase risk for all types of cancers. Carcinogens may act via mutagenic, nonmutagenic, or epigenetic mechanisms and may also result from disruption of endocrine systems. The problem is magnified by the fact that many chemical carcinogens have become an integral part of our food and water supply and are in air and the general environment. CONCLUSIONS The early life onset of a lifelong exposure to mixtures of multiple environmental chemical carcinogens and radiation contributes significantly to the etiology of cancer in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York 12144-3429, USA.
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Matsushita K, Kijima A, Ishii Y, Takasu S, Jin M, Kuroda K, Kawaguchi H, Miyoshi N, Nohmi T, Ogawa K, Umemura T. Development of a Medium-term Animal Model Using gpt Delta Rats to Evaluate Chemical Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:19-27. [PMID: 23723564 PMCID: PMC3620210 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the potential for development of an animal model (GPG46) capable of rapidly detecting chemical carcinogenicity and the underlying mechanisms of action were examined in gpt delta rats using a reporter gene assay to detect mutations and a medium-term rat liver bioassay to detect tumor promotion. The tentative protocol for the GPG46 model was developed based on the results of dose-response exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and treatment with phenobarbital over time following DEN administration. Briefly, gpt delta rats were exposed to various chemicals for 4 weeks, followed by a partial hepatectomy (PH) to collect samples for an in vivo mutation assay. The mutant frequencies (MFs) of the reporter genes were examined as an indication of tumor initiation. A single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 10 mg/kg DEN was administered to rats 18 h after the PH to initiate hepatocytes. Tumor-promoting activity was evaluated based on the development of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci at week 10. The genotoxic carcinogens 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinolone (IQ) and safrole (SF), the non-genotoxic carcinogens piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and phenytoin (PHE), the non-carcinogen acetaminophen (APAP) and the genotoxic non-hepatocarcinogen aristolochic acid (AA) were tested to validate the GPG46 model. The validation results indicate that the GPG46 model could be a powerful tool in understanding chemical carcinogenesis and provide valuable information regarding human risk hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Khoury MJ, Lam TK, Ioannidis JPA, Hartge P, Spitz MR, Buring JE, Chanock SJ, Croyle RT, Goddard KA, Ginsburg GS, Herceg Z, Hiatt RA, Hoover RN, Hunter DJ, Kramer BS, Lauer MS, Meyerhardt JA, Olopade OI, Palmer JR, Sellers TA, Seminara D, Ransohoff DF, Rebbeck TR, Tourassi G, Winn DM, Zauber A, Schully SD. Transforming epidemiology for 21st century medicine and public health. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:508-16. [PMID: 23462917 PMCID: PMC3625652 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) engaged the scientific community to provide a vision for cancer epidemiology in the 21st century. Eight overarching thematic recommendations, with proposed corresponding actions for consideration by funding agencies, professional societies, and the research community emerged from the collective intellectual discourse. The themes are (i) extending the reach of epidemiology beyond discovery and etiologic research to include multilevel analysis, intervention evaluation, implementation, and outcomes research; (ii) transforming the practice of epidemiology by moving toward more access and sharing of protocols, data, metadata, and specimens to foster collaboration, to ensure reproducibility and replication, and accelerate translation; (iii) expanding cohort studies to collect exposure, clinical, and other information across the life course and examining multiple health-related endpoints; (iv) developing and validating reliable methods and technologies to quantify exposures and outcomes on a massive scale, and to assess concomitantly the role of multiple factors in complex diseases; (v) integrating "big data" science into the practice of epidemiology; (vi) expanding knowledge integration to drive research, policy, and practice; (vii) transforming training of 21st century epidemiologists to address interdisciplinary and translational research; and (viii) optimizing the use of resources and infrastructure for epidemiologic studies. These recommendations can transform cancer epidemiology and the field of epidemiology, in general, by enhancing transparency, interdisciplinary collaboration, and strategic applications of new technologies. They should lay a strong scientific foundation for accelerated translation of scientific discoveries into individual and population health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muin J Khoury
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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van Delft J, Gaj S, Lienhard M, Albrecht MW, Kirpiy A, Brauers K, Claessen S, Lizarraga D, Lehrach H, Herwig R, Kleinjans J. RNA-Seq provides new insights in the transcriptome responses induced by the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:427-39. [PMID: 22889811 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome transcriptome measurements are pivotal for characterizing molecular mechanisms of chemicals and predicting toxic classes, such as genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, from in vitro and in vivo assays. In recent years, deep sequencing technologies have been developed that hold the promise of measuring the transcriptome in a more complete and unbiased manner than DNA microarrays. Here, we applied this RNA-seq technology for the characterization of the transcriptomic responses in HepG2 cells upon exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a well-known DNA damaging human carcinogen. Based on EnsEMBL genes, we demonstrate that RNA-seq detects ca 20% more genes than microarray-based technology but almost threefold more significantly differentially expressed genes. Functional enrichment analyses show that RNA-seq yields more insight into the biology and mechanisms related to the toxic effects caused by BaP, i.e., two- to fivefold more affected pathways and biological processes. Additionally, we demonstrate that RNA-seq allows detecting alternative isoform expression in many genes, including regulators of cell death and DNA repair such as TP53, BCL2 and XPA, which are relevant for genotoxic responses. Moreover, potentially novel isoforms were found, such as fragments of known transcripts, transcripts with additional exons, intron retention or exon-skipping events. The biological function(s) of these isoforms remain for the time being unknown. Finally, we demonstrate that RNA-seq enables the investigation of allele-specific gene expression, although no changes could be observed. Our results provide evidence that RNA-seq is a powerful tool for toxicology, which, compared with microarrays, is capable of generating novel and valuable information at the transcriptome level for characterizing deleterious effects caused by chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost van Delft
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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