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Young MS, Kelly JC, Anderson SR, Riffle LA, Spears SL, Kalen JD, Suess-Radford E, Gulani J. Subcutaneous Alfaxalone-XylazineBuprenorphine for Surgical Anesthesia and Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mice ( Mus musculus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2024; 63:49-56. [PMID: 38191146 PMCID: PMC10844737 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Alfaxalone is a commonly used injectable anesthetic in dogs and cats due to its minimal cardiovascular side effects. Data for its use in mice are limited and demonstrate strain- and sex-associated differences in dose-response relationships. We performed a dose-comparison study of alfaxalone-xylazine-buprenorphine (AXB) in Crl: CFW (SW) mice. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg alfaxalone-10 mg/kg xylazine-0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine HCl consistently achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia (loss of toe pinch) for 48.6 ± 4.7 and 60.8 ± 9.6 min in females and males, respectively. The same dose and route of AXB induced a surgical plane of anesthesia in C57Bl/6NCrl (females: 42.3 ± 11.2 min; males: 51.6 ± 12.3 min), NCr-Foxn1nu (females: 76.8 ± 32.5 min; males: 80.0 ± 1.2 min), and NOD. Cg-Prkdc SCID Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJCr (females: 56.0 ± 37.2 min and males: 61.2 ± 10.2 min) mice. We found no significant difference in the duration of the surgical plane of anesthesia between males and females within the mouse strains Crl: CFW (SW), C57Bl/6NCrl, NCr-Foxn1nu, and NOD. Cg-PrkdcSCID Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJCr. We next performed an echocardiography study (n = 5 per group) of Crl: CFW (SW) mice ( n = 5 per group) to compare subcutaneous AXB anesthesia with that produced by intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg ketamine and 10 mg/kg xylazine (KX). AXB induced significantly less bradycardia (295.4 ± 29 bpm) than KX (185.8 ± 38.9 bpm) did, with no significant differences in cardiac output, ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, or fractional shortening. These results suggest that subcutaneous administration of AXB is a viable alternative to KX for inducing a surgical plane of anesthesia in Crl: CFW (SW), C57Bl/6NCrl, NCr-Foxn1nu, and NOD. Cg-PrkdcSCID Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJCr mice, regardless of sex. AXB may also be a better injectable anesthetic option as compared with KX for avoiding adverse cardiac effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina S Young
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Jackie C Kelly
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Staci R Anderson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Lisa A Riffle
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Stella L Spears
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | - Joseph D Kalen
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
| | | | - Jatinder Gulani
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland; and
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Fernández Castañer J, Quirós Carmona S, Martínez Bernal C, Morgaz Rodríguez J, Navarrete Calvo R, Granados Machuca MDM. Sedation Quality and Cardiorespiratory, Echocardiographic, Radiographic and Electrocardiographic Effects of Intramuscular Alfaxalone and Butorphanol in Spanish Greyhound Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2937. [PMID: 37760337 PMCID: PMC10525580 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of sedation and changes in cardiorespiratory variables after the intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol in Spanish greyhound dogs were evaluated. Twenty-one adult dogs were included. The dogs received alfaxalone (2 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Sedation scoring, cardiorespiratory parameters (including blood gas analysis), echocardiography, thoracic radiography and electrocardiography were performed before sedation and 30 min after drug administration. Moderate sedation was observed, and side effects, such as tremors, nystagmus and auditory hyperesthesia, were noticed. Statistically significant changes in heart rate, invasive blood pressure, pH, arterial saturation of O2 and partial pressure of O2 and CO2 were found. Echocardiographic variables, including end-diastolic volume, left ventricular diameter in diastole, aortic and pulmonic flow, diastolic transmitral flow and left atrial/aortic ratio, and electrocardiography parameters, including PQ interval and QT interval, showed statistically significant changes. In conclusion, the intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol to healthy dogs produced moderate sedation with mild cardiorespiratory, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic changes, without alterations in cardiac size on radiographic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Fernández Castañer
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.F.C.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Setefilla Quirós Carmona
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.F.C.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Carmen Martínez Bernal
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.F.C.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Juan Morgaz Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.M.R.); (R.N.C.); (M.d.M.G.M.)
| | - Rocío Navarrete Calvo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.M.R.); (R.N.C.); (M.d.M.G.M.)
| | - María del Mar Granados Machuca
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.M.R.); (R.N.C.); (M.d.M.G.M.)
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Joseph GL, Duerr FM, Zhou T, Elam LH. Use of a novel shockwave trode results in better patient acceptance in awake canine patients treated for musculoskeletal disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1249592. [PMID: 37621864 PMCID: PMC10445390 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1249592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is used as a treatment option for several musculoskeletal pathologies in dogs. When performing ESWT using electrohydraulic devices, sedation is commonly recommended due to the noise and discomfort associated with the treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the tolerance of ESWT delivered by a standard or novel trode in awake canine patients with musculoskeletal disease. Materials and methods This was a prospective, blinded clinical trial in which dogs with musculoskeletal disease received awake treatment with ESWT with a gradually increasing energy protocol using both standard and novel trodes with an electrohydraulic generator in a randomized fashion. Noise reactivity and tolerance to treatment as measured in number of shocks and energy level achieved were recorded. Results Forty client-owned dogs with pathology affecting the hips, stifles, elbows, or shoulders were enrolled. Thirty-three dogs completed all three treatment sessions, three dogs completed two sessions, and four dogs completed one session. There was evidence of improved patient tolerability with the novel trode, based on an increased average number of shocks delivered (n ± SD = 848 ± 334 for novel trode; n ± SD = 767 ± 358 for standard trode; p = 0.0384) and higher average treatment energy level achieved (E ± SD = 6.5 ± 2.5 for novel trode; E ± SD = 5.3 ± 2.8 for standard trode; p = < 0.001). Decreased noise reactivity was found to be positively correlated with tolerability of shockwave treatment (energy level: p = 0.0168; number of shocks: p = 0.0097). Discussion Administration of electrohydraulic ESWT is feasible in select awake patients using a gradually increasing energy protocol, and the tested novel shockwave trode is better tolerated than the standard trode. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of the novel trode, and if gradually increasing energy protocols are clinically equivalent to current standard protocols that employ a consistent energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L. Joseph
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Felix M. Duerr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tianjian Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lindsay H. Elam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Wei Y, Nakagawa M, Chen IY, Itami T, Sano T, Pasloske K, Yamashita K. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intranasal atomized alfaxalone in Japanese White rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:255-262. [PMID: 36894405 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intranasal atomization (INA) of alfaxalone using a mucosal atomization device in Japanese White rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, crossover study. ANIMALS A total of eight healthy female rabbits, weighing 3.6-4.3 kg and aged 12-24 months. METHODS Each rabbit was randomly assigned to four INA treatments administered 7 days apart: Control treatment, 0.15 mL 0.9% saline in both nostrils; treatment INA0.3, 0.15 mL 4% alfaxalone in both nostrils; treatment INA0.6, 0.3 mL 4% alfaxalone in both nostrils; treatment INA0.9, 0.3 mL 4% alfaxalone in left, then right, then left nostril. Sedation was scored 0-13 using a composite measure scoring system for rabbits. Simultaneously, pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), noninvasive mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) and arterial blood gases were measured until 120 minutes. The rabbits breathed room air during the experiment and were administered flow-by oxygen when hypoxemia (SpO2 <90% or PaO2 <60 mmHg; 8.0 kPa) developed. Data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test and the Friedman test (p < 0.05). RESULTS No rabbit was sedated in treatments Control and INA0.3. All rabbits in treatment INA0.9 developed loss of righting reflex for 15 (10-20) minutes [median (25th-75th percentile)]. Sedation score significantly increased from 5 to 30 minutes in treatments INA0.6 and INA0.9 with maximum scores of 2 (1-4) and 9 (9-9), respectively. fR decreased in an alfaxalone dose-dependent manner and one rabbit developed hypoxemia in treatment INA0.9. No significant changes were observed in PR and MAP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE INA alfaxalone resulted in dose-dependent sedation and respiratory depression in Japanese White rabbits to values considered not clinically relevant. Further investigation of INA alfaxalone in combination with other drugs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wei
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mari Nakagawa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - I-Ying Chen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takaharu Itami
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sano
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Martín Bellido V, Vettorato E. Clinical review of the pharmacological and anaesthetic effects of alfaxalone in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:341-361. [PMID: 34893985 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This clinical review summarises the pharmacological and anaesthetic properties of alfaxalone in the dog. Available pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data and factors affecting the induction dose have been reported. Furthermore, quality of induction and recovery after alfaxalone administration, the use of alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia, and its effects on the cardio-respiratory system, on laryngeal motion, on intraocular pressure and tear production have been evaluated. Finally, the use of alfaxalone in dogs undergoing caesarean section and the effect of intramuscular alfaxalone administration have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Martín Bellido
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm - London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - E Vettorato
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm - London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
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Sauvé CC, Rondenay Y, Berentsen AR, Rivera‐Rodriguez MJ, Leighton PA. Alfaxalone Successfully Immobilizes Small Indian Mongooses (
Urva auropunctata
): A Field Report. WILDLIFE SOC B 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Sauvé
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Université de Montréal 3200 Rue Sicotte Saint‐Hyacinthe QC J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Yves Rondenay
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Université de Montréal 3200 Rue Sicotte Saint‐Hyacinthe QC J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Are R. Berentsen
- United Sates Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Mel J. Rivera‐Rodriguez
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services 602 Duncan Drive Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Patrick A. Leighton
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Université de Montréal 3200 Rue Sicotte Saint‐Hyacinthe QC J2S 2M2 Canada
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Kato K, Itami T, Nomoto K, Endo Y, Tamura J, Oyama N, Sano T, Yamashita K. The anesthetic effects of intramuscular alfaxalone in dogs premedicated with low-dose medetomidine and/or butorphanol. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:53-61. [PMID: 33191333 PMCID: PMC7870407 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the induction, anesthesia, and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular (IM) anesthetic protocol with alfaxalone following premedication
with low-dose medetomidine, butorphanol, or a combination of both (medetomidine–butorphanol) in dogs. Six healthy beagles were administered 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg
alfaxalone IM following premedication with low-dose medetomidine (5 µg/kg; MA-IM), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg; BA-IM), or medetomidine-butorphanol (5 µg/kg and 0.3
mg/kg, respectively; MBA-IM). Each dog received 9 treatments with minimum 7-day washout period between treatments. Dogs were allowed to breath room air during
anesthetic induction. We attempted endotracheal intubation after alfaxalone administration. Alfaxalone produced a dose-dependent anesthetic effect in each
anesthetic protocol. Intubation was achieved in 4 out of 6 dogs that received MA-IM and BA-IM with 2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone and in all dogs that received MBA-IM
with 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg alfaxalone. The median durations [minimum–maximum] of accepting intubation were 79 [0–89], 97 [84–120], and 117 [84–217] min,
respectively. Hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure <60 mmHg) did not develop, but bradycardia (heart rate <60 beats/min) was observed in all dogs
that received the MA-IM and MBA-IM protocols. Severe hypoxemia (percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation <90%) developed in 2 dogs that received MBA-IM with 5
mg/kg alfaxalone. We consider that the MA-IM and BA-IM protocols with ≥2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone and the MBA-IM protocol with 1–2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone could provide
clinically useful and effective anesthesia without causing severe cardiorespiratory depression in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kato
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Takaharu Itami
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Ken Nomoto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Jun Tamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Norihiko Oyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sano
- Department of Veterinary Nursing Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
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Eshar D, Beaufrère H. Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone-Ketamine, Alfaxalone-Ketamine-Dexmedetomidine, and Alfaxalone-Butorphanol-Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Five‑striped Palm Squirrels (Funambulus pennantii). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59. [PMID: 32471522 PMCID: PMC7338876 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Injectable anesthesia protocols for five-striped palm squirrels (Funambulus pennantii) are poorly described in the literature.In this study, male intact squirrels received intramuscular injections of either alfaxalone (6 mg/kg) and ketamine (40 mg/kg; AK group, n = 8); alfaxalone (6 mg/kg), ketamine (20 mg/kg), and dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg; AKD group, n = 8); or alfaxalone (8 mg/kg), butorphanol (1 mg/kg), and midazolam (1 mg/kg; ABM group, n = 8). Atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg IM) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg IM) were administered 40 min after anesthesia induction (defined as loss of the righting reflex) with AKD and ABM, respectively. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and reflexes were recorded every 5 min during anesthesia. Anesthetic induction was rapid in all groups (AK: median, 49 s; range, 33 to 60 s; AKD, 60 s; 54 to 70 s; and ABM, 15 s; 5 to 58 s). The anesthetic duration (from induction to full recovery) for the AK group was 62 ± 3 min (mean ± 1 SD). Therewas no statistically significant difference between the ABM and AKD groups regarding recovery time after partial antagonist administration and was 51 ± 5 and 48 ± 5 min, respectively. All AK animals showed twitching and abnormal vocalization during recovery. The righting reflex was absent in all squirrels for 20 min in the AK treatment group and throughout the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups. The frontlimb withdrawal response was absent in all squirrels for the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups, with variable responses for the AK treatment. All tested protocols in this study provided safe and effective immobilization in five-striped palm squirrels, but oxygen and thermal support wereindicated. Anesthetic depth must be determined before surgical procedures are performed in palm squirrels anesthetized by using these regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas; and
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Murdock MA, Riccó Pereira CH, Aarnes TK, Cremer J, Lerche P, Bednarski RM. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:65-76. [PMID: 31887090 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of IM administration of alfaxalone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine in dogs. ANIMALS 6 young healthy mixed-breed hounds. PROCEDURES Dogs received each of 3 treatments (alfaxalone [2 mg/kg] and butorphanol [0.4 mg/kg] combined with acepromazine [0.02 mg/kg; AB-ace], midazolam [0.2 mg/kg; AB-mid], or dexmedetomidine [0.005 mg/kg; AB-dex], IM) in a blinded, randomized crossover-design study with a 1-week washout period between treatments. Sedation scores and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded at predetermined time points. Data were analyzed by use of mixed-model ANOVA and linear generalized estimating equations with post hoc adjustments. RESULTS All treatments resulted in moderate to deep sedation (median score, ≥ 15/21) ≤ 5 minutes after injection. Sedation scores did not differ among treatments until the 40-minute time point, when the score was higher for AB-dex than for other treatments. Administration of AB-dex resulted in median scores reflecting deep sedation until 130 minutes, versus 80 and 60 minutes for AB-ace and AB-mid, respectively, after injection. Heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen delivery decreased significantly after AB-dex, but not AB-ace or AB-mid administration. Respiratory variables remained within clinically acceptable ranges after all treatments. Undesirable recovery characteristics were observed in 4 dogs after AB-mid treatment. Four dogs required atipamezole administration 180 minutes after AB-dex injection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE All protocols produced reliable sedation. The results indicated that in young, healthy dogs, AB-mid may produce undesirable recovery characteristics; AB-dex treatment caused cardiovascular depression and should be used with caution.
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Sedative effects of two doses of alfaxalone in combination with methadone and a low dose of dexmedetomidine in healthy Beagles. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:463-471. [PMID: 32507717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sedative effects of two doses of alfaxalone when added to a combination of dexmedetomidine and methadone injected intramuscularly (IM) in healthy Beagles. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, crossover, experimental study. ANIMALS A group of six adult Beagles. METHODS Dogs were sedated on three different occasions with IM dexmedetomidine (3 μg kg-1) and methadone (0.3 mg kg-1) combined with two doses of alfaxalone (0.5 and 1 mg kg-1; A0.5 and A1, respectively) or saline (A0). Quality of sedation, response to tail clamping and rectal temperature were recorded at baseline, 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 minutes. Pulse and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2) and noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) were recorded every 5 minutes. Onset of sedation and duration of recumbency, response to venous catheterization and recovery quality were assessed. Physiological variables (analysis of variance) were analysed between treatments and within treatments compared with baseline (Student t test). Nonparametric data were analysed using Friedman and Cochran's Q tests. Significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS Sedation scores were significantly higher when alfaxalone was co-administered (area under the curve; p = 0.024, A0.5; p = 0.019, A1), with no differences between doses. Onset of sedation was similar, but duration of recumbency was longer in A0.5 than in A0 [median (minimum-maximum), 43 (35-54) versus 30 (20-47) minutes, p = 0.018], but not in A1. Response to venous catheterization and tail clamping, and quality of recovery (acceptable) presented no differences between treatments. A decrease in all physiological variables (compared with baseline) was observed, except for NIBP, with no differences between treatments. All dogs required oxygen supplementation due to reduced SpO2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Adding alfaxalone to methadone and dexmedetomidine enhanced sedation and duration of recumbency. Although cardiopulmonary depression was limited, oxygen supplementation is advisable.
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Eshar D, Huckins GL, Shrader TC, Beaufrère H. Comparison of intramuscular administration of alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone-butorphanol-midazolam in naked mole-rats ( Heterocephalus glaber). Am J Vet Res 2020; 80:1089-1098. [PMID: 31763939 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare anesthetic effects of alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (AKD) and alfaxalone-butorphanol-midazolam (ABM) in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber). ANIMALS 20 naked mole-rats. PROCEDURES Naked mole-rats received AKD (alfaxalone, 2 mg/kg; ketamine, 20 mg/kg; and dexmedetomidine, 0.02 mg/kg; n = 10) or ABM (alfaxalone, 2 mg/kg; butorphanol, 2 mg/kg; and midazolam, 1 mg/kg; 9) IM; 1 animal was removed from the study. Atipamezole (I mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg) were administered 40 minutes after anesthetic induction (defined as loss of the righting reflex) with AKD and ABM, respectively. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and reflexes were recorded every 5 minutes. RESULTS The ABM group had significantly longer median times for induction and recovery than the AKD group. Administration of ABM resulted in significantly lower respiratory rates than administration of AKD from time of anesthetic induction to 10 minutes after induction. Respiratory rate significantly decreased in the AKD group from I0 minutes after induction through the end of the anesthetic period but did not change over time in the ABM group. Males had higher respiratory rates in both groups. Loss of the righting reflex was still evident 40 minutes after induction in both groups. In the AKD group, all tested reflexes were absent from I0 to 40 minutes after induction; the ABM group had variable reflexes that recovered within individual animals over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both AKD and ABM provided effective immobilization in naked mole-rats, but AKD appeared to provide more consistent and deeper anesthesia, compared with administration of ABM.
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Micieli F, Chiavaccini L, Paré MD, Chagas JB, Vesce G, Gianotti G. Comparison of the sedative effects of alfaxalone and methadone with or without midazolam in dogs. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2019; 60:1060-1064. [PMID: 31597990 PMCID: PMC6741817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This blinded, randomized, prospective study evaluated the sedative and physiologic effects of a combination of alfaxalone and methadone with or without midazolam in adult dogs. Sixteen dogs received methadone (0.5 mg/kg body weight) and alfaxalone (1 mg/kg body weight), either with or without midazolam (0.5 mg/kg body weight), by intramuscular injection. Quality of sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic arterial pressure, rectal temperature, arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and dose of alfaxalone required for endotracheal intubation were recorded. Sedation score increased over time in both groups; however, dogs premedicated with methadone and alfaxalone appeared significantly less sedated than dogs premedicated with midazolam at 15, 20, and 25 minutes post-injection (P = 0.04). Dogs receiving methadone and alfaxalone were almost 5 times more likely to show excitement than those receiving midazolam (P = 0.03). We concluded that adding midazolam to an intramuscular combination of methadone and alfaxalone cannot be recommended in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Micieli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy (Micieli, Vesce); Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Chiavaccini, Paré, Gianotti); SVS Centre for Companion Animal Health, Massey University, New Zealand (Chagas)
| | - Ludovica Chiavaccini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy (Micieli, Vesce); Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Chiavaccini, Paré, Gianotti); SVS Centre for Companion Animal Health, Massey University, New Zealand (Chagas)
| | - Monique D Paré
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy (Micieli, Vesce); Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Chiavaccini, Paré, Gianotti); SVS Centre for Companion Animal Health, Massey University, New Zealand (Chagas)
| | - Joana Braun Chagas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy (Micieli, Vesce); Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Chiavaccini, Paré, Gianotti); SVS Centre for Companion Animal Health, Massey University, New Zealand (Chagas)
| | - Giancarlo Vesce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy (Micieli, Vesce); Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Chiavaccini, Paré, Gianotti); SVS Centre for Companion Animal Health, Massey University, New Zealand (Chagas)
| | - Giacomo Gianotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy (Micieli, Vesce); Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (Chiavaccini, Paré, Gianotti); SVS Centre for Companion Animal Health, Massey University, New Zealand (Chagas)
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Tsukamoto Y, Yamada N, Miyoshi K, Yamashita K, Ohsugi T. Anesthetic effect of a mixture of alfaxalone, medetomidine, and butorphanol for inducing surgical anesthesia in ICR, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mouse strains. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:937-945. [PMID: 31080189 PMCID: PMC6612492 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The anesthetic effects of alfaxalone combined with medetomidine and butorphanol were
investigated for ICR, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice. Mice were administered a combination of
0.5 or 0.75 mg/kg medetomidine and 5 mg/kg butorphanol with 30 or 40 mg/kg alfaxalone
(0.5MBA30, 0.75MBA30 and 0.75MBA40, respectively). The drug combinations were administered
subcutaneously and were compared with a widely used combination of 0.3 mg/kg medetomidine,
4 mg/kg midazolam, and 5 mg/kg butorphanol (MMB). All three MBA combinations achieved
surgical anesthesia, although the recovery time was longer with 0.75MBA30 and 0.75MBA40
compared with 0.5MBA30. Furthermore, several mice exhibited a considerable jumping
reaction immediately after injection with 0.75MBA30 and 0.75MBA40. Therefore, 0.5MBA30 may
be suitable for inducing surgical anesthesia in the mouse strains tested. The anesthetic
scores for 0.5MBA30 were improved compared with those of MMB in all three mouse strains;
however, the body temperature drop in C57BL/6 mice was greater with 0.5MBA30. Our results
show that the alfaxalone combination, 0.5MBA30, should allow surgical operations that are
more stable in more strains of mice than MMB, although the combination may cause
hypothermia, especially in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Tsukamoto
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Norihide Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Miyoshi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular alfaxalone and its echocardiographic, cardiopulmonary and sedative effects in healthy dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204553. [PMID: 30248146 PMCID: PMC6152991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and the effects of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of alfaxalone on sedation and cardiopulmonary and echocardiographic variables was studied in dogs. Twelve healthy adult Beagles (3 females, 9 males) were used in this prospective controlled cross-over trial. Echocardiography was performed with and without 4 mg kg-1 alfaxalone IM with a week wash-out interval. Sedation (19-point scale; 0 = no sedation), cardiopulmonary parameters, blood gas analysis and plasma concentration of alfaxalone were assessed every 5 minutes following the injection (T0). The influence of the alfaxalone plasma concentration and time on physiological variables was tested using a linear model whereas echocardiographic measurements were compared between conscious and alfaxalone-administered dogs using paired t-tests. Compared to baseline, alfaxalone administration was followed by an increase in heart rate (HR) from T5 to T30 and a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at T10, T25 and T30, in stroke volume (SV; 15 ± 5 to 11 ± 3 ml; P<0.0001), and end-diastolic volume (EDV; 24.7 ± 5.7 to 19.4 ± 4.9 ml). Cardiac output (CO) and blood gas analysis did not change significantly throughout. Mean plasma half-life was 29 ± 8 minutes, volume of distribution was 1.94 ± 0.63 L kg-1, and plasma clearance was 47.7 ± 14.1 ml kg-1 minute-1. Moderate to deep sedation was observed from T5 to T35. Ten dogs showed paddling, trembling, nystagmus and strong reaction to sound during the procedure. Although there were no significant changes in CO and oxygenation, the impact of HR, MAP, SV, EDV alterations requires further investigations in dogs with cardiac disease.
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Sedative and physiologic effects of low-dose intramuscular alfaxalone in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:1184-1188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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