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Spear DJ, Crouse ZJ, Kearns SA. Retrospective evaluation of leflunomide as an adjunctive therapy in dogs with non-associative immune-mediated thrombocytopenia: 20 cases (2008-2021). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:261-269. [PMID: 38433454 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe leflunomide as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of non-associative immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study of dogs with a diagnosis of non-associative immune-mediated thrombocytopenia treated with leflunomide March 2008 to September 2021 was conducted. Data collected included signalment, clinical signs, physical examination findings and diagnostic testing performed. Medications administered, duration of hospital stay, time to platelet concentration >150×109/L and adverse events during leflunomide therapy were recorded. Relapses within a year of diagnosis were reported. RESULTS A total of 20 client-owned dogs met inclusion criteria. Nineteen of 20 dogs (95%) achieved a platelet concentration >150×109/L with leflunomide and prednisone combination therapy and four dogs (21.1%) relapsed during treatment or shortly after treatment. Adverse effects included diarrhoea (n=5), mild lymphopenia (n=9) and mild intermittent anaemia (n=1). A single dog developed hepatotoxicity presumed to be secondary to leflunomide therapy that resolved after drug discontinuation. One dog was treated for aspiration pneumonia during treatment. Two dogs were euthanased while receiving leflunomide. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Length of hospitalisation, time to platelet recovery, treatment response and relapse rate were comparable with alternative treatment protocols. Most adverse effects did not require leflunomide dose adjustment; however, two dogs died while undergoing leflunomide treatment and there is compelling evidence that one of these dogs experienced fatal infection secondary to immune-suppression. Hepatotoxicity remains a known complication of leflunomide treatment and serial biochemistry testing is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Spear
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Z J Crouse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - S A Kearns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
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Kim SE. Leflunomide for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Uveitis in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2024; 60:31-35. [PMID: 38175978 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A 5 yr old castrated male bichon frise presented with chronic bilateral uveitis that had previously been controlled with systemic steroid administration for 6 mo, resulting in weight gain, polyuria, and polydipsia. To control the uveitis without systemic side effects, oral cyclosporine was started after discontinuing oral steroid, but discontinued one month later because of severe vomiting. Leflunomide (2 mg/kg q 12 hr) was initiated, and the uveitis symptoms resolved after 2 mo. The dose was tapered according to the remission of clinical signs, with no relapse during the following 13 mo. Leflunomide therapy was then discontinued due to vomiting caused by severe gastroenteritis and pancreatitis, and topical prednisolone monotherapy was continued . At 8 mo after discontinuation of leflunomide, bilateral uveitis recurred, and leflunomide therapy was resumed. However, the patient lost vision due to the progression of clinical signs at 33 mo after commencing leflunomide, and evisceration of the glaucomatous right eye was performed at 43 mo. Histopathologic examination revealed lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and melanin-laden macrophages in the uveal tissue, and the patient was diagnosed with immune-mediated uveitis. This case indicated that oral leflunomide may be a viable treatment option for canine idiopathic immune-mediated uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Kim
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Teoh YB, Jiang JJ, Yamasaki T, Nagata N, Sugawara T, Hasebe R, Ohta H, Sasaki N, Yokoyama N, Nakamura K, Kagawa Y, Takiguchi M, Murakami M. An inflammatory bowel disease-associated SNP increases local thyroglobulin expression to develop inflammation in miniature dachshunds. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1192888. [PMID: 37519997 PMCID: PMC10375717 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1192888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyp (ICRP) in miniature dachshunds (MDs) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by granulomatous inflammation that consists of neutrophil infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia in the colon. Recently, we identified five MD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely PLG, TCOF1, TG, COL9A2, and COL4A4, by whole-exome sequencing. Here, we investigated whether TG c.4567C>T (p.R1523W) is associated with the ICRP pathology. We found that the frequency of the T/T SNP risk allele was significantly increased in MDs with ICRP. In vitro experiments showed that TG expression in non-immune cells was increased by inducing the IL-6 amplifier with IL-6 and TNF-α. On the other hand, a deficiency of TG suppressed the IL-6 amplifier. Moreover, recombinant TG treatment enhanced the activation of the IL-6 amplifier, suggesting that TG is both a positive regulator and a target of the IL-6 amplifier. We also found that TG expression together with two NF-κB targets, IL6 and CCL2, was increased in colon samples isolated from MDs with the T/T risk allele compared to those with the C/C non-risk allele, but serum TG was not increased. Cumulatively, these results suggest that the T/T SNP is an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) of TG mRNA in the colon, and local TG expression triggered by this SNP increases the risk of ICRP in MDs via the IL-6 amplifier. Therefore, TG c.4567C>T is a diagnostic target for ICRP in MDs, and TG-mediated IL-6 amplifier activation in the colon is a possible therapeutic target for ICRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Bin Teoh
- Division of Molecular Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jing-Jing Jiang
- Division of Molecular Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagata
- Division of Molecular Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sugawara
- Division of Molecular Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rie Hasebe
- Division of Molecular Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Psychoneuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Group of Quantum Immunology, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Ohta H, Tamura Y, Yokoyama N, Nagata N, Osuga T, Sasaki N, Kagawa Y, Morishita K, Takiguchi M. Gene expression of leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein in the polypoid lesion of inflammatory colorectal polyps in miniature dachshunds. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1445-1449. [PMID: 32759576 PMCID: PMC7653302 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) in miniature dachshunds (MDs) are speculated to be a breed-specific inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) has been identified as a novel biomarker of human IBD. The aim of this study was to examine LRG gene expression in the polypoid lesions of ICRPs. Polypoid lesion specimens were collected from 24 MDs with ICRPs. Nonpolypoid colonic mucosa was collected from 18 MDs with ICRPs and 10 controls. The gene expression of LRG, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-22 was examined. The expression of LRG gene was significantly increased in the polypoid lesions of ICRPs and correlated with that of the four cytokines. In conclusion, the LRG gene was expressed within the polypoid lesions of ICRPs and might be associated with local cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yu Tamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Present address: Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Osuga
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kagawa
- NORTH LAB, Hondori 2-chome, kita8-35, Shiroishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 003-0027, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Nagata N, Ohta H, Yamada A, Teoh YB, Ichii O, Morishita K, Sasaki N, Takiguchi M. Activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and serine proteases in samples of the colorectal mucosa of Miniature Dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:572-580. [PMID: 32584177 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.7.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the activities of gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-2 and MMP-9) and serine proteases in the colorectal mucosa of Miniature Dachshunds (MDs) with inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs). ANIMALS 15 MDs with ICRPs and 5 dogs with non-ICRP-related large bowel diarrhea (controls). PROCEDURES Zymographic methods were used to evaluate the activities of MMP-2, MMP-9, latent forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9), and serine proteases in inflamed and noninflamed tissue samples from MDs with ICRPs and in noninflamed tissue samples from control dogs. The associations of serine protease activities with MMP-2 or MMP-9 activity were also analyzed. RESULTS Activities of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 were detected in most tissue samples, regardless of the tissue type, whereas activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were not detected in control tissue samples. In the inflamed tissue samples from MDs with ICRPs, the activities of MMP-2, pro-MMP-9, and MMP-9 were significantly higher than those in the noninflamed tissue samples from those dogs. Serine protease activities were significantly higher in the inflamed and noninflamed tissue samples from MDs with ICRP, compared with findings for control tissue samples. A weak correlation was detected between serine protease activities and MMP-9 activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Study results suggested that gelatinase and serine protease activities are upregulated in the colorectal mucosa of MDs with ICRPs, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of this disease through the functions of these enzymes in degradation of extracellular matrix and promotion of inflammatory cell migration and inflammatory responses.
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Tani A, Seno T, Yokoyama N, Nakagawa T, Tomiyasu H, Goto-Koshino Y, Tsujimoto H, Ohno K. Comparison of the efficacy of cyclosporine and leflunomide in treating inflammatory colorectal polyps in miniature dachshunds. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:437-440. [PMID: 32062634 PMCID: PMC7192713 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) are frequently observed in miniature dachshunds in Japan and treated by prednisolone and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and leflunomide. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the treatment efficacy, such as response rate, response interval, recurrence rate, and adverse events between cyclosporine and leflunomide. While the response rates were significantly higher in dogs treated with leflunomide, no significant differences were observed in the response interval or recurrence rate. Two of the 11 dogs treated with leflunomide showed hematological or gastrointestinal adverse events, while no dog treated with cyclosporine showed any adverse events. A case-controlled prospective study to compare the treatment efficacy of leflunomide with that of cyclosporine should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Tani
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Seno
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Nakagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Konishi K, Igarashi H, Maeda S, Uchida E, Hanazono K, Tamamoto T, Uchida K, Endoh D, Ohno K. Distribution of regulatory T cells in inflammatory colorectal polyps of miniature dachshunds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 218:109938. [PMID: 31518913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyp (ICRP) is an emerging disease in Miniature Dachshunds (MDs). Animals with this disease exhibit multiple polyps with severe neutrophil infiltration that respond to immunosuppressive therapy. Macrophages in polypoid lesions have been described to play an important role in neutrophil infiltration in the lesion by producing IL-8. In contrast, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was also reported to be upregulated in polypoid lesions, but its significance in the pathogenesis of ICRP has not been clarified. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main source of IL-10 production and contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Therefore, the objective of this research was to compare the distribution of Tregs in polypoid lesions of ICRPs and the association between the distribution and expression of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Tissue biopsy specimens of polypoid lesions were collected from 28 MDs with ICRP. Those of macroscopically non-polypoid colonic mucosa from 24 MDs with ICRPs and 21 control dogs were further included as controls. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify gene expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, and forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) in each tissue sample. The numbers of Foxp3-positive cells (Tregs) and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cells (macrophages) were determined by immunohistochemistry. The gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β, and Foxp3 was significantly upregulated in polypoid lesions relative to control levels. The numbers of Foxp3-positive Tregs and Iba-1-positive macrophages were significantly increased in polypoid lesions compared to those in the non-polypoid colonic mucosa of MDs with ICRPs and control dogs. The upregulation of IL-10 was moderately correlated with the distribution of Tregs in polypoid lesions from MDs with ICRPs. In addition, the relative upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in polypoid lesions, compared to expression in non-polypoid colonic mucosa of MDs with ICRPs, was significantly greater than that of IL-10. These results indicate that increases in Treg numbers and anti-inflammatory cytokines in polypoid lesions comprise reactive changes in response to the inflammation, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Konishi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiation Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Igarashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiation Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Hanazono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiation Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daiji Endoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiation Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Swann JW, Garden OA, Fellman CL, Glanemann B, Goggs R, LeVine DN, Mackin AJ, Whitley NT. ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1141-1172. [PMID: 30847984 PMCID: PMC6524099 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) causes severe anemia in dogs and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Treatment with various immunosuppressive and antithrombotic drugs has been described anecdotally and in previous studies, but little consensus exists among veterinarians as to the optimal regimen to employ and maintain after diagnosis of the disease. To address this inconsistency and provide evidence‐based guidelines for treatment of IMHA in dogs, we identified and extracted data from studies published in the veterinary literature. We developed a novel tool for evaluation of evidence quality, using it to assess study design, diagnostic criteria, explanation of treatment regimens, and validity of statistical methods. In combination with our clinical experience and comparable guidelines for humans afflicted with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, we used the conclusions of this process to make a set of clinical recommendations regarding treatment of IMHA in dogs, which we refined subsequently by conducting several iterations of Delphi review. Additionally, we considered emerging treatments for IMHA in dogs and highlighted areas deserving of future research. Comments were solicited from several professional bodies to maximize clinical applicability before the recommendations were submitted for publication. The resulting document is intended to provide clinical guidelines for management of IMHA in dogs. These guidelines should be implemented pragmatically, with consideration of animal, owner, and veterinary factors that may vary among cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Swann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A Garden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire L Fellman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Goggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Dana N LeVine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Nathaniel T Whitley
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Huntingdon, United Kingdom
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Keyte S. Differential diagnosis and management of haematochezia in dogs and cats. IN PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.k3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Murakami A, Shibahashi A, Iwasaki R, Kawabe M, Murakami M, Sakai H, Mori T. Combination Chlorambucil/Firocoxib or Chlorambucil/Prednisolone Treatment for Inflammatory Colorectal Polyps in Miniature Dachshunds. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:161-166. [PMID: 29558217 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRP), which are more commonly recognized in miniature dachshunds, are thought to represent an immune-mediated disease. This retrospective case series describes six miniature dachshunds with refractory ICRP, who were treated with chlorambucil (CLB) combined with firocoxib or prednisolone. Improvement in clinical manifestations was seen in five of the six dogs by the end of the study period; four were treated with CLB/firocoxib and one with CLB/prednisolone. One dog had nonregenerative anemia after 23 mo of treatment with CLB, but whether there was a causative relationship was unclear. No severe adverse events were observed during treatment in the remaining five dogs. CLB in combination with firocoxib or prednisolone appears to be an effective alternative treatment for ICRP in dogs. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and long-term complications of CLB treatment for ICRP in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Murakami
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology (A.M., A.S., R.I., M.K., M.M., T.M.) and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (H.S.), Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayami Shibahashi
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology (A.M., A.S., R.I., M.K., M.M., T.M.) and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (H.S.), Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryota Iwasaki
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology (A.M., A.S., R.I., M.K., M.M., T.M.) and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (H.S.), Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mifumi Kawabe
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology (A.M., A.S., R.I., M.K., M.M., T.M.) and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (H.S.), Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mami Murakami
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology (A.M., A.S., R.I., M.K., M.M., T.M.) and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (H.S.), Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology (A.M., A.S., R.I., M.K., M.M., T.M.) and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (H.S.), Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology (A.M., A.S., R.I., M.K., M.M., T.M.) and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (H.S.), Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Igarashi H, Ohno K, Matsuki N, Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Uchida K, Tsujimoto H. Analysis of fecal short chain fatty acid concentration in miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1727-1734. [PMID: 28867685 PMCID: PMC5658568 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in the maintenance of colonic
homeostasis, and their depletion has been reported in various gastrointestinal disorders.
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) are a recently recognized disease specific to
miniature dachshunds (MDs), and fecal dysbiosis with a reduction of SCFA-producing
bacteria has been reported with this disease. Therefore, this study was performed based on
the hypothesis that a reduced SCFA concentration associates with the development of ICRPs.
We recruited 11 ICRP-affected MDs and 25 control MDs. Their fecal SCFA concentrations and
bacterial proportions were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography and
quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. The feces of ICRP-affected MDs contained lower
amounts of propionic acid and lower proportions of Bifidobacterium than
the feces of control MDs. Furthermore, fecal proportions of
Bifidobacterium, Firmicutes and Lactobacillus
exhibited significant positive correlations with fecal concentrations of total SCFAs
and/or propionic acid; fecal Escherichia coli proportions correlated
negatively with fecal concentrations of total SCFAs, as well as acetic, propionic and
butyric acid. This result indicates an association between fecal dysbiosis and fecal SCFA
concentrations; these phenomena may contribute to ICRP pathogenesis in MDs. Potential
therapeutic targeting of the reduced propionic acid concentration using probiotics,
prebiotics or SCFA enemas merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Radiation Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoaki Matsuki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Aki Fujiwara-Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Division of Therapeutic Science I, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kanemoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukushima
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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12
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Sato M, Veir JK, Legare M, Lappin MR. A Retrospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Leflunomide in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1502-1507. [PMID: 28833582 PMCID: PMC5598884 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little clinical information is available concerning the use of leflunomide in dogs with immune‐mediated diseases. Objectives To report the safety and efficacy of leflunomide for the treatment of naturally occurring immune‐mediated diseases in dogs. Animals Ninety‐two dogs treated with leflunomide for management of suspected immune‐mediated diseases. Methods Retrospective medical record review from Jan 1995 to Dec 2014. Data that were extracted from the medical records included signalment, body weight, underlying indication for leflunomide, dosage of leflunomide, treatment duration, concurrent medications, treatment response, and adverse events. Results Adverse events that could be related to leflunomide administration included diarrhea (3 of 92, 3.3%), lethargy (2 of 92, 2.2%), unexplained hemorrhage (3 of 92, 3.3%), thrombocytopenia (2 of 31, 6.5%), and increased liver enzyme activities (1 of 16, 6.3%). Significant dose differences between dogs with adverse events (n = 11; median, 2.9 mg/kg/d; range, 1.8–3.6 mg/kg/d) and dogs without adverse events (n = 81; median, 1.6 mg/kg/d; range, 0.8–4.3 mg/kg/d) were found (P < 0.001). Treatment response could be evaluated in 17 dogs. Of these 17 dogs, 12 dogs (70.5%) had an apparent positive response to the use of leflunomide. There was no significant difference (P = 0.22) in dosages between dogs that responded to leflunomide (n = 12; median, 1.9 mg/kg/d; range, 1.0–3.5 mg/kg/d) and those that did not respond (n = 5; median, 1.7 mg/kg/d; range, 1.0–2.0 mg/kg/d). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results suggest that the starting dosage of leflunomide should be 2 mg/kg/d rather than the currently suggested dosage of 3–4 mg/kg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - J K Veir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - M Legare
- Department of Environment & Radiological Health Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - M R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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13
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Yokoyama N, Ohta H, Kagawa Y, Nagata N, Nisa K, Morita T, Osuga T, Sasaki N, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M. Stimulation of colorectal biopsies from miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps with toll-like receptor ligands: A pilot study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 188:78-83. [PMID: 28615131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) in miniature dachshunds (MDs) are a possible novel form of breed-specific canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this pilot study, we investigated the effects of different Toll like receptor (TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9) ligands on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) gene expression in ex vivo-cultured colorectal samples from four MDs with ICRPs and four healthy MDs. At baseline, no significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of TLRs and pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed between cases and control MDs. After 4-h incubation, the relative ratios of TNF-α mRNA expression in the TLR2- or TLR4-stimulated colorectal samples, and IL-1β mRNA expression in the TLR9-stimulated colorectal samples form cases showed higher tendency compared with healthy MDs (P<0.05), although statistically not significant. The results of this pilot study using small number of cases indicated that reactivity against TLR2, TLR4 or TLR9 ligand in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines might be enhanced in the colorectal mucosa of ICRPs. Further research is needed to perform the functional analysis of TLRs in the sole cell population using intestinal epithelial primary culture and the mononuclear cells isolated from colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kagawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Khoirun Nisa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoya Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Osuga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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14
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Yokoyama N, Ohta H, Kagawa Y, Leela-Arporn R, Dermlim A, Nisa K, Morita T, Osuga T, Sasaki N, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M. Expression of apical junction complex proteins in colorectal mucosa of miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:456-463. [PMID: 28090006 PMCID: PMC5383161 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the expression of tight junction and adherence junction proteins in the colorectal mucosa of miniature dachshunds (MDs) with inflammatory colorectal
polyps (ICRPs). Colorectal mucosa samples were endoscopically obtained from 8 MDs with ICRPs and 8 control dogs for immunoblotting. Paraffin-embedded tissues of
surgically resected inflamed lesions from another 5 MDs with ICRPs and full-thickness colorectal specimens from 5 healthy beagles were obtained for
immunohistochemistry. The expression patterns of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7 and -8, E-cadherin and β-catenin were analyzed in the non-inflamed mucosa and
inflamed mucosa of ICRPs and colorectal mucosa of control dogs by immunoblotting. The localization of these proteins in the inflamed lesions was analyzed by
immunohistochemistry. The expressions of each of claudin, E-cadherin and β-catenin were not significantly different between control dogs and non-inflamed
colonic mucosa from MDs with ICRPs. In contrast, only E-cadherin and β-catenin were detected in the inflamed lesions of MDs with ICRPs. By immunohistochemistry,
claudin-2, -3, -4, -5 and -7, E-cadherin and β-catenin were expressed in the colorectal epithelium within the inflamed mucosa, but not in granulation tissue.
Distributions of claudin-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7, E-cadherin and β-catenin in the colonic epithelium were not different between MDs with ICRPs and control dogs.
These results indicated that no significant alteration was detected in several tight junction or adherence junction proteins expression in the colorectal
epithelium of ICRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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