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Turin L, Piccione MM, Crosa F, Dall'Ara P, Filipe J, Zarucco L. Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Sci 2023; 10:460. [PMID: 37505863 PMCID: PMC10386576 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are emerging as multipurpose therapeutic compounds for the treatment of several different syndromes involving peripheral and central nervous systems, and muscular and musculoskeletal disorders both in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, the study of BoNTs is rapidly developing and identifying newly produced BoNT variants. Efforts should be made to clarify the biological and pharmacological characteristics of these novel BoNTs as well as the natural ones. The high potential of BoNTs as a therapeutic compound for medical syndromes lies in its ability to reach a specific cell type while bypassing other cells, thus having mild or no side effects. In this paper the recent developments in BoNTs are reviewed with the aim of analyzing the current knowledge on BoNTs' biological mechanisms of action, immunogenicity, formulations, and therapeutic applications in the veterinary field, highlighting advantages and drawbacks and identifying the gaps to be filled in order to address research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Marina Michela Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Fabio Crosa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Laura Zarucco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Mosley C, Edwards T, Romano L, Truchetti G, Dunbar L, Schiller T, Gibson T, Bruce C, Troncy E. Proposed Canadian Consensus Guidelines on Osteoarthritis Treatment Based on OA-COAST Stages 1–4. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:830098. [PMID: 35558892 PMCID: PMC9088681 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.830098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Canadian consensus guidelines on OA treatment were created from a diverse group of experts, with a strong clinical and/or academic background in treating OA in dogs. The document is a summary of the treatment recommendations made by the group, with treatments being divided into either a core or secondary recommendation. Each treatment or modality is then summarized in the context of available research based support and clinical experience, as the treatment of OA continues to be a multimodal and commonly a multidisciplinary as well as individualized approach. The guidelines aim to help clinicians by providing clear and clinically relevant information about treatment options based on COAST defined OA stages 1–4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Mosley
- Elanco Animal Health, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- VCA Canada, 404 Veterinary Emergency and Referral Hospital, Newmarket, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Conny Mosley
| | - Tara Edwards
- VCA Canada, Central Victoria Veterinary Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Romano
- VCA Canada, Centra Victoria Veterinary Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Teresa Schiller
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tom Gibson
- Grand River Veterinary Surgical Services; Adjunct Faculty OVC, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Charles Bruce
- Pulse Veterinary Specialists and Emergency, Sherwood Park, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Okamoto-Okubo CE, Cassu RN, Joaquim JGF, Reis Mesquita LD, Rahal SC, Oliveira HSS, Takahira R, Arruda I, Maia L, Cruz Landim FD, Luna SPL. Chronic pain and gait analysis in dogs with degenerative hip joint disease treated with repeated intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma or allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:881-888. [PMID: 33814521 PMCID: PMC8182309 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This prospective, comparative, randomized, horizontal, and double-blind clinical study investigated the clinical efficacy of leucocyte-poor platelet-rich
plasma (PRP, n=8) or allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC, n=8) in dogs with bilateral degenerative hip joint disease (DHJD). Sixteen dogs were treated
with two intra-articular injections of PRP or ADSCs, within a 30-day interval. The Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI),
and Visual Analogue Scales for pain (VAS-pain) and locomotion (VAS-loc) were assessed by the dog owners. Analysis-of-gait using a force plate, response to
palpation (VAS-palp), and the descriptive numerical scale for pain (DNS) were measured by a veterinarian. The assessments were performed before (baseline), 30
and 60 days after the first treatment. Data were analyzed using the unpaired t test, paired Wilcoxon test, Fisher’s exact test, and
Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests (P<0.05). Compared with baseline HCPI, CBPI, VAS-pain, and VAS-palp scores reduced 41%, 52%, 51%, and 48%
(P=0.0001–0.03) at 60 days in the ADSC group. In PRP-treated dogs, CBPI, VAS-loc, and DNS scores decreased by 43%, 43%, and 33% at 60 days,
respectively (P=0.0003–0.011). Based on CBPI data, the rate of success at 60 days was 75% and 25% in the ADSC and PRP groups
(P=0.13), respectively. Both therapies were apparently safe and effective to reduce chronic pain in dogs with bilateral DHJD during a 60-day
period. However, a trend towards greater improvement was provided by the ADSC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Emiko Okamoto-Okubo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Navarro Cassu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Jean Guilherme Fernandes Joaquim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dos Reis Mesquita
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila Canevese Rahal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo S Salvador Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Takahira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Maia
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda da Cruz Landim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 18618-681 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Blanshan N, Krug H. The Use of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Chronic Joint Pain: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050314. [PMID: 32397671 PMCID: PMC7291335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic osteoarthritis pain is an increasing worldwide problem. Treatment for osteoarthritis pain is generally inadequate or fraught with potential toxicities. Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of neuropeptide release. Paralytic toxicity is due to inhibition at the neuromuscular junction, and this effect has been utilized for treatments of painful dystonias. Pain relief following BoNT muscle injection has been noted to be more significant than muscle weakness and hypothesized to occur because of the inhibition of peripheral neuropeptide release and reduction of peripheral sensitization. Because of this observation, BoNT has been studied as an intra-articular (IA) analgesic for chronic joint pain. In clinical trials, BoNT appears to be effective for nociceptive joint pain. No toxicity has been reported. In preclinical models of joint pain, BoNT is similarly effective. Examination of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the central nervous system has shown that catalytically active BoNT is retrogradely transported by neurons and then transcytosed to afferent synapses in the brain. This suggests that pain relief may also be due to the central effects of the drug. In summary, BoNT appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of chronic joint pain. The long-term effects of IA BoNT are still being determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blanshan
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Hollis Krug
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-467-4190
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New analgesic: Focus on botulinum toxin. Toxicon 2020; 179:1-7. [PMID: 32174507 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, Kissin concluded pessimistically that of the 59 new drugs introduced in the fifty-year period between 1960 and 2009 and still in use, only seven had new molecular targets. Of these, only one, sumatriptan, was effective enough to lead to the introduction of multiple drugs targeting the same target molecules (triptans) (Kissin, 2010). Morphine and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), introduced for the treatment of pain more than a century ago, continue to dominate biomedical publications despite their limited effectiveness in many areas (e.g., neuropathic pain) and serious adverse effects. Today, are we really closer to ideal analgesics that would work hard enough, long enough, and did not have unwanted side effects? The purpose of the present article is to analyze where we are now. Several drugs, like long-acting opioids or botulinum toxins open some hope. Advantage of botulinum toxin A is unique duration of action (months). New discoveries showed that after peripheral application botulinum toxin by axonal transport reaches the CNS. Major analgesic mechanism of action seems to be of central origin. Will botulinum toxin in the CNS bring new indications and or/adverse effects? Much more basic and clinical research should be in front of us. Although relatively safe as a drug, botulinum toxin is not without adverse effect. Policy makers, clinicians and all those applying botulinum toxin should be aware of that. Unfortunately the life without the pain is still not possible.
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McGeachan RI, Schwarz T, Gunn-Moore DA, Marioni-Henry K. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of muscle contractures secondary to acute spinal cord injury in a young cat. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920922648. [PMID: 35145724 PMCID: PMC8822334 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920922648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 4-month-old male entire domestic shorthair cat presented for sudden onset of right thoracic monoparesis following a fall; within 18 h, the clinical signs progressed to non-ambulatory right hemiplegia with absent sensation in the distal right thoracic limb and left hemiparesis. MRI revealed changes consistent with a C6-C7 acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion with suspected secondary C5-C7 spinal cord haemorrhage. Rehabilitation exercises were started immediately after the diagnosis of acute spinal cord trauma. Sensation in the right thoracic limb improved and, with the help of a splint applied to that limb, the cat was ambulatory on all four limbs. Unfortunately, clinical signs started to progress over the course of 10 days. The cat developed progressive discomfort on manipulation of the right elbow and carpus, and a hyperflexion of the right carpus. Radiographs revealed no skeletal abnormalities. Muscle contractures were suspected. Under general anaesthesia the triceps and flexor muscles of the carpus and digits were injected with a total of 100 U of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). No complications were associated with the procedure and 24 h after the injection the carpal hyperflexion resolved. Relevance and novel information The use of BTX-A to treat muscle contractures in human medicine is an established and increasingly used technique. For example, in subacute stroke patients with a non-functional arm, BTX-A forearm injection appears to prevent disabling finger stiffness, likely by minimising the development of contractures. Here, we demonstrate that intramuscular BTX-A is an effective treatment for acquired muscle contractures in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I McGeachan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, UK
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, UK
| | - Katia Marioni-Henry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Roslin, UK
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