Efficacy and safety of allogenic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in four dogs: A pilot study

Safety and efficacy of canine gonadal tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for early myxomatous mitral valve disease

Introduction

This study explored the potential efficacy and safety of therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from gonadal tissue to address the early stage of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), the predominant cardiac condition in dogs.

Methods

Sixteen dogs diagnosed with MMVD B1 were enrolled in this trial and assigned to either a control group (control group, n = 10) or a group that received MSC derived from gonadal tissue (treatment group, n = 6). In the treatment group, allogeneic MSC derived from gonadal tissue (1 × 106 cells/kg) were intravenously administered at monthly intervals for five or more sessions. Data were compared at baseline and at the endpoint 1-year intervals. The efficacy was assessed using echocardiography, thoracic radiography, NT-proBNP, and the duration from B1 diagnosis to B2 transition to evaluate its effect on MMVD stage progression. Safety was evaluated through physical examinations, blood tests, imaging studies, and monitoring of adverse events.

Results

After 1 year of observation, the control group exhibited deteriorating echocardiographic parameters, whereas the treatment group displayed no substantial differences between baseline and endpoint measurements. Notably, a statistically significant disparity was noted in the left atrial diameter (p < 0.05) and E-wave velocity (p < 0.05) between the two groups, indicating a favorable impact of MSC derived from the gonadal tissue on left atrial pressure. Additionally, in contrast to the control group, the treatment group demonstrated delayed progression to MMVD stage B2, enabling them to prolong their disease duration without requiring cardiac medication (p = 0.038). In quality of life (QoL) metrics following MSC treatment, appetite showed a statistically significant improvement, increasing from 4 to 4.83 (p < 0.05).

Discussion

Treatment with gonadal tissue-derived MSCs significantly delayed MMVD stage progression, highlighting the broad potential of MSC derived from gonadal tissue for treating complex veterinary conditions.

Stem Cell's Secretome Delivery Systems

Stem cells' secretome contains biomolecules that are ready to give therapeutic activities. However, the biomolecules should not be administered directly because of their in vivo instability. They can be degraded by enzymes or seep into other tissues. There have been some advancements in localized and stabilized secretome delivery systems, which have increased their effectiveness. Fibrous, in situ, or viscoelastic hydrogel, sponge-scaffold, bead powder/ suspension, and bio-mimetic coating can maintain secretome retention in the target tissue and prolong the therapy by sustained release. Porosity, young's modulus, surface charge, interfacial interaction, particle size, adhesiveness, water absorption ability, in situ gel/film, and viscoelasticity of the preparation significantly affect the quality, quantity, and efficacy of the secretome. Therefore, the dosage forms, base materials, and characteristics of each system need to be examined to develop a more optimal secretome delivery system. This article discusses the clinical obstacles and potential solutions for secretome delivery, characterization of delivery systems, and devices used or potentially used in secretome delivery for therapeutic applications. This article concludes that secretome delivery for various organ therapies necessitates the use of different delivery systems and bases. Coating, muco-, and cell-adhesive systems are required for systemic delivery and to prevent metabolism. The lyophilized form is required for inhalational delivery, and the lipophilic system can deliver secretomes across the blood-brain barrier. Nano-sized encapsulation and surface-modified systems can deliver secretome to the liver and kidney. These dosage forms can be administered using devices such as a sprayer, eye drop, inhaler, syringe, and implant to improve their efficacy through dosing, direct delivery to target tissues, preserving stability and sterility, and reducing the immune response.

Complexed Polymer Film-Forming Spray: An Optimal Delivery System for Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem Cell as Diabetic Wound Dressing?

Diabetes-related wounds have physiological factors that make healing more complicated. High sugar levels can increase microbial infection risk while limiting nutrition and oxygen transfer to the wound area. The secretome of mesenchymal stem cells has been widely known for its efficacy in regenerative therapy. However, applying the secretome directly to the wound can reduce its effectiveness. In this review, we examined the literature on synthesizing the combinations of carboxymethyl chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and collagen tripeptides, as well as the possibility of physicochemical properties enhancement of the hydrogel matrix, which could potentially be used as an optimal delivery system of stem cell's secretome for diabetic wound healing.

Platelet Lysate for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Culture in the Canine and Equine Species: Analogous but Not the Same

Simple Summary

Regenerative medicine using platelet-based blood products or adult stem cells offers the prospect of better clinical outcomes with many diseases. In veterinary medicine, most progress has been made with the development and therapeutic use of these regenerative therapeutics in horses, but the clinical need is given in dogs as well. Our aim was to transfer previous advances in the development of horse regenerative therapeutics, specifically the use of platelet lysate for feeding stem cell cultures, to the dog. Here, we describe the scalable production of canine platelet lysate, which could be used in regenerative biological therapies. We also evaluated the canine platelet lysate for its suitability in feeding canine stem cell cultures in comparison to equine platelet lysate used for equine stem cell cultures. Platelet lysate production from canine blood was successful, but the platelet lysate did not support stem cell culture in dogs in the same beneficial way observed with the equine platelet lysate and stem cells. In conclusion, canine platelet lysate can be produced in large scales as described here, but further research is needed to improve the cultivation of canine stem cells.

Abstract

Platelet lysate (PL) is an attractive platelet-based therapeutic tool and has shown promise as xeno-free replacement for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in human and equine mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) culture. Here, we established a scalable buffy-coat-based protocol for canine PL (cPL) production (n = 12). The cPL was tested in canine adipose MSC (n = 5) culture compared to FBS. For further comparison, equine adipose MSC (n = 5) were cultured with analogous equine PL (ePL) or FBS. During canine blood processing, platelet and transforming growth factor-β1 concentrations increased (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), while white blood cell concentrations decreased (p < 0.05). However, while equine MSC showed good results when cultured with 10% ePL, canine MSC cultured with 2.5% or 10% cPL changed their morphology and showed decreased metabolic activity (p < 0.05). Apoptosis and necrosis in canine MSC were increased with 2.5% cPL (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, passage 5 canine MSC showed less genetic aberrations after culture with 10% cPL than with FBS. Our data reveal that using analogous canine and equine biologicals does not entail the same results. The buffy-coat-based cPL was not adequate for canine MSC culture, but may still be useful for therapeutic applications.