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Domenegato BM, Côté E, Agarwal D, O'Sullivan ML, Reveler ED, Dobbin E, McMahon E. Effects of handling and storage on potassium concentration in plasma and serum samples obtained from cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:187-193. [PMID: 34890359 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.09.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare potassium concentrations in feline plasma and serum samples analyzed promptly after collection or after 20 to 28 hours of refrigerated storage. ANIMALS 41 cats. PROCEDURES A venous blood sample was obtained from each cat. Aliquots were placed in 2 tubes without anticoagulant (blood was allowed to clot to derive serum) and 2 tubes with heparin (to derive plasma). One serum and 1 plasma sample were kept at room temperature and analyzed within 60 minutes after collection (baseline); the other serum and plasma samples were analyzed after 20 to 28 hours of refrigerated storage. At both time points, serum and plasma potassium concentrations were measured. RESULTS Median baseline serum potassium concentration (4.3 mmol/L) was significantly higher than median baseline plasma potassium concentration (4.1 mmol/L). The median difference between those values was 0.4 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.5 mmol/L). Compared with their respective baseline measurements, the median serum plasma concentration (4.8 mmol/L) and median plasma potassium concentration (4.6 mmol/L) were higher after 20 to 28 hours of refrigeration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that with regard to potassium concentration in feline blood samples, clotting or refrigerated storage for 20 to 28 hours results in a significant artifactual increase. Detection of an unexpectedly high potassium concentration in a cat may represent pseudohyperkalemia, especially if the blood sample was placed in a no-additive tube, was stored for 20 to 28 hours prior to analysis, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana M Domenegato
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Deepmala Agarwal
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - M Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Elaine D Reveler
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Dobbin
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Ellen McMahon
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Yamato O, Tsuneyoshi T, Ushijima M, Jikihara H, Yabuki A. Safety and efficacy of aged garlic extract in dogs: upregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:373. [PMID: 30497454 PMCID: PMC6267818 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plants of Allium spp., including garlic (A. sativum) and onions (A. cepa), are known to be oxidatively toxic to canine erythrocytes resulting in Heinz body hemolytic anemia in dogs. In humans, these plants have been used as medicinal agents for multiple diseases since ancient times. Especially, fresh garlic extracted over a prolonged period produces less irritative and odorless aged garlic extract (AGE), containing unique and beneficial organosulfur compounds that can help prevent many kinds of diseases. In this study, the safety and efficacy of long-term oral administration of AGE is evaluated in dogs. The objectives are to confirm the safe dosage for long-term use and beneficial functions of AGE for dogs and to plan and design a canine health supplement or a preventive agent for multiple diseases based on the data of this study. Results Beagles were orally administered AGE (45 or 90 mg/kg body weight once a day) or an equivalent amount of water as control for 12 weeks. In AGE-treated groups, at 12 weeks post-administration at a dose of 90 mg/kg, there were no observable changes in the clinical signs, complete blood count, and serum biochemical parameters. Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes, the markers of oxidative damage in erythrocytes, did not appear in blood smear examination. In order to further evaluate the beneficial effects of AGE on health of dogs, the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene (NFE2L2) and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzyme genes (NQO1, GCLM, HMOX1, and SOD2) were determined in whole blood between pre- and post-AGE administration. The expression of NFE2L2 gene was significantly upregulated in the AGE-treated groups [45 (p < 0.05) and 90 mg/kg (p < 0.01), 8 weeks] as compared to in the control group. Among the Nrf2-regulated enzymes examined, the expressions of NQO1 [45 (p < 0.05) and 90 mg/kg (p < 0.01), 8 weeks] and GCLM [45 (p < 0.05) and 90 mg/kg (p < 0.01), 12 weeks] genes were significantly upregulated. Conclusion The long-term oral administration of AGE at a dose of 90 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks did not show any adverse effects in dogs. Furthermore, the administration of AGE upregulated the gene expressions of canine Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes. These results suggest that AGE might safely contribute to the health of dogs provided that the appropriate dosage is used. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1699-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Tadamitsu Tsuneyoshi
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Ushijima
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jikihara
- Research Administration Department, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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Foy DS, Friedrichs KR, Bach JF. Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Using Reticulocyte Indices in Dogs Enrolled in a Blood Donor Program. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 29:1376-80. [PMID: 26340143 PMCID: PMC4858052 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People donating blood more than twice annually are at risk of developing iron deficiency. Little is known about the iron status of dogs enrolled in blood donor programs. Hypothesis Dogs donating blood ≥6 times annually will show evidence of iron deficiency based on their reticulocyte indices. Animals Thirteen dogs enrolled in a blood donor program donating ≥6 times over the preceding 12 months and 20 healthy nondonor control dogs. Methods Prospective observational study. Mature red blood cell (RBC) indices, reticulocyte indices, serum iron, serum ferritin, and total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC) were compared between groups. Results Packed cell volume (median 47%, range 40–52%, P < .01), hematocrit (median 46.4%, range 40.3–52.5%, P < .01), and reticulocyte count (median 16,000/μL, range 9,000–38,000/μL, P < .01) were significantly lower in the blood donor dogs. No statistically significant differences were noted in the mature RBC indices between groups. Both reticulocyte mean corpuscular volume (median 88.8 fL, range 83.4–95.5 fL, P = .03) and reticulocyte hemoglobin content (median 24.6 pg, range 23.1–26.6 pg, P < .01) were significantly lower in the blood donor group. Serum iron and ferritin were similar between groups; however, TIBC was significantly higher in the control group (median 403 μg/dL, range 225–493 μg/dL, P = .02). Conclusions The findings in dogs donating ≥6 times annually suggest the presence of iron‐deficient erythropoiesis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Foy
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - K R Friedrichs
- Deptartment of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J F Bach
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Mizukami K, Yabuki A, Endoh D, Chang HS, Lee KW, Nakayama M, Kushida K, Kohyama M, Lee JI, Yamato O. Investigation of parallel and simultaneous selection for collie eye anomaly and ivermectin toxicosis. Vet Rec 2014; 175:174. [PMID: 24939474 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Mizukami
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - A Yabuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - D Endoh
- Department of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - H S Chang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - K W Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - M Nakayama
- Nakayama Veterinary Hospital, 6-1 Minamifukuro, Nara, Nara 630-8342, Japan
| | - K Kushida
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - M Kohyama
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - J I Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health I, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 300 Yonbongdong, Bukgu, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - O Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Yamato O, Kasai E, Katsura T, Takahashi S, Shiota T, Tajima M, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemia With Eccentrocytosis From Ingestion of Chinese Chive (Allium tuberosum) and Garlic (Allium sativum) in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41:68-73. [PMID: 15634869 DOI: 10.5326/0410068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old, intact male miniature schnauzer was presented with anorexia. The dog had ingested some Chinese steamed dumplings 2 days before, which contained Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) and garlic (Allium sativum). Hematological examinations revealed severe Heinz body hemolytic anemia with eccentrocytosis and an increased concentration of methemoglobin, which was thought to result from oxidative damage to erythrocytes by constituents in these Allium plants. In this case, eccentrocytosis was a hallmark finding and could be detected easily, suggesting that this hematological abnormality is useful in diagnosing Allium plant-induced hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Rijsselaere T, Van Soom A, Maes D, Verberckmoes S, de Kruif A. Effect of blood admixture on in vitro survival of chilled and frozen–thawed canine spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2004; 61:1589-602. [PMID: 15036988 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematospermia in the dog usually occurs secondary to benign prostatic hypertrophy or trauma of the penis or prepuce during semen collection. Regarding the difficulty of removing blood cells from a hematospermic sample, the present study was performed to determine whether blood contaminated ejaculates can still be chilled (4 degrees C) or frozen (-196 degrees C) without an additional decrease in sperm quality. In the first experiment, blood additions of up to 10% exerted no negative effects on the functional characteristics of canine spermatozoa cooled (4 degrees C) and stored for 4 days in an egg-yolk-Tris extender. In contrast, in experiment 2, blood admixtures of 4% or more clearly caused negative effects on cryopreserved (-196 degrees C) spermatozoa, mainly on the motility parameters, on the membrane integrity and on the acrosomal status of the spermatozoa. In experiment 3, we showed that these negative effects of blood admixture on cryopreserved spermatozoa were mainly associated with the red blood cells (RBCs) whereas the addition of plasma, serum or inactivated serum exerted little or no negative effect. Moreover, in experiment 4, we showed that 58.3+/-11.6% of the RBCs hemolysed after a freeze-thaw process. In experiment 5, a clear and negative effect of hemoglobin on cryopreserved canine spermatozoa was observed. We conclude that the presence of up to 10% blood is not detrimental for the storage of chilled canine spermatozoa and that the detrimental effects of blood on cryopreserved spermatozoa are at least partly attributable to the high amount of hemoglobin originating from the RBC hemolysis observed after freezing and thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rijsselaere
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Yamasaki M, Asano H, Otsuka Y, Yamato O, Tajima M, Maede Y. Use of canine red blood cell with high concentrations of potassium, reduced glutathione, and free amino acid as host cells for in vitro cultivation of Babesia gibsoni. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1520-4. [PMID: 11131592 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the usefulness of canine RBC with high concentrations of potassium, reduced glutathione (GSH), and amino acid(i.e., HK cells) for in vitro cultivation of Babesia gibsoni. ANIMALS RBC were obtained from 3 dogs that had inherited HK cells and from 3 genetically unaffected dogs that, therefore, had RBC with lower potassium (LK) concentrations (i.e., LK cells). PROCEDURES First, B. gibsoni were cultivated using HK or LK cells in alpha-modification of Eagle medium, consisting of Earle salts with glutamine and without ribosides, deoxyribosides, and sodium bicarbonate under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37 C. Second, parasites were cultivated with LK- or HK-cell lysates. Finally, HK cells were separated into 3 fractions (bottom, middle, top layers) by density gradient centrifugation, and B. gibsoni were cultivated with each of the HK-cell fractions. In addition, the concentrations of free amino acids and reduced glutathione (GSH) in each HK-cell fraction were measured. RESULTS B. gibsoni preferentially multiplied in HK-cell cultures rather than in LK-cell cultures. Furthermore, the addition of HK-cell lysate to the culture medium resulted in enhanced multiplication of the parasites. Higher multiplication of the parasites was observed in HK cells from the top layer, compared with HK cells from the middle and bottom layers. The HK cells from the top layer had higher concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, and GSH, compared with HK cells from the middle and bottom layer. CONCLUSIONS Canine HK cells are useful host cells for in vitro cultivation of B. gibsoni, and the high concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, and GSH may result in enhancement of multiplication of the parasites in HK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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