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Yamakawa K, Yokohira M, Nakano Y, Kishi S, Kanie S, Imaida K. Activation of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling during NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis in female A/J mice. Cancer Med 2016; 5:903-13. [PMID: 26864819 PMCID: PMC4864820 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway is activated by several growth factors and mitogens, and upregulation has been noted in many human cancers, including examples in the lung. In this study, to study the association of ERK1/2 activation with mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions, we immunohistochemically examined expression of phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and MAP/ERK kinase 1/2 (pMEK1/2) proteins and correlation between ERK activation and mutation of Kras encoding an upstream activator of ERK1/2, in a mouse lung carcinogenesis model. Female 7‐week‐old A/J mice were administered a single dose of 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK), then maintained without additional treatment until sacrifice at week 52. Histopathologically, adenocarcinomas, adenomas and hyperplasias were observed in the lung. pMEK1/2 was expressed mostly in the cell cytoplasm in all three. In contrast, pERK1/2‐positive cells were also relatively rare in any histological types as compared with level of pMEK1/2 expression. However, pERK1/2‐positive cells in adenocarcinoma were still markedly more common than in hyperplasias and adenomas (~5‐fold, ~4‐fold; P < 0.01). Activating mutations of Kras gene at codons 12, 13 and 61 were detected in the majority of adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but without any significant relation to pERK1/2 expression. These results suggest that activation of ERK1/2 plays a key role in malignant transformation during lung carcinogenesis featuring Kras mutaion. Activation of ERK1/2 in lung premalignant lesions was little regardless of the mutation of Kras, and ERK1/2 activation in NNK‐induced mouse lung carcinogenesis may be regulated not only by Kras mutation but also other signaling pathway or regulatory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamakawa
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masanao Yokohira
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakano
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sosuke Kishi
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Kanie
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.,Toxicology Laboratory, TAIHO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imaida
- Departments of Pathology and Host-Defense, Onco-Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Yokohira M, Hashimoto N, Nakagawa T, Nakano Y, Yamakawa K, Kishi S, Kanie S, Ninomiya F, Saoo K, Imaida K. Long-Term Chronic Toxicity and Mesothelial Cell Reactions Induced by Potassium Octatitanate Fibers (TISMO) in the Left Thoracic Cavity in A/J Female Mice. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:325-35. [PMID: 26023052 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815587744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the chronic effects of potassium octatitanate fibers (trade name TISMO; chemical formula K2O·6TiO2) on the mouse lung and thoracic cavity. This method of infusion was employed to examine the direct effects of the fibers to the pleura. In the present study, 52- and 65-week experiments were employed to examine the long-term chronic effects after infusion of fiber-shaped TISMO into the thoracic cavities of A/J mice. Following this infusion, TISMO fibers were observed in the alveoli, indicating penetration through the visceral pleura. The additional histopathological detection of TISMO fibers in the liver, spleen, kidneys, ovary, heart, bone marrow, and brain of TISMO-infused mice indicated migration of the fibers out from the thoracic cavity. Atypical mesothelial cells with severe pleural proliferation were observed, but malignant mesotheliomas were not detected. This study demonstrated that intrathoracic infusion of TISMO fiber did not cause malignant mesothelioma but did cause severe chronic inflammation and proliferation of pleural mesothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Yokohira
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hashimoto
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nakagawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakano
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamakawa
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Sosuke Kishi
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Kanie
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ninomiya
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kousuke Saoo
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imaida
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Kishi S, Yokohira M, Yamakawa K, Saoo K, Imaida K. Significance of the progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor, but not the estrogen receptor, in chemically induced lung carcinogenesis in female A/J mice. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2379-2386. [PMID: 25364399 PMCID: PMC4214454 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the expression levels of female hormone receptors, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and the epidermal growth factor receptor, (EGFR), as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were examined in lung tumors that were induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in female A/J mice. Each seven-week-old mouse was administered with 2 mg NNK via intraperitoneal injection and the mice were subsequently euthanized at week 52. Lung tumors, including adenomas, carcinomas in adenomas and adenocarcinomas, were obtained and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression levels of the receptors, ER, PR and EGFR, and PCNA. The results were as follows: i) In mouse lung adenomas, a significant correlation was identified between the size of the tumor and PCNA expression, although not with the expression of the receptors (ER, PR and EGFR); ii) in the carcinoma components of the carcinomas in adenomas, the size of the tumor and PCNA expression were correlated, while EGFR expression demonstrated a significant correlation with PR expression; iii) in adenocarcinomas, the tumor size significantly correlated with PCNA, EGFR and PR expression; and iv) EGFR and PR expression was identified to be significantly correlated in adenocarcinomas, and to a certain extent in the carcinoma components of the carcinomas in adenomas, although not in the adenomas. Notably, ER expression was not associated with tumor growth or the other factors, particularly EGFR expression, and no significant differences were identified between the three types of lesion. These results indicate that PR, like EGFR, may be significant in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Kishi
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masanao Yokohira
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamakawa
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kousuke Saoo
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan ; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Tomakomai City Hospital, Hokkaido 053-0034, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imaida
- Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Yokohira M, Yamakawa K, Nakano Y, Numano T, Furukawa F, Kishi S, Ninomiya F, Kanie S, Hitotsumachi H, Saoo K, Imaida K. Immunohistochemical characteristics of surfactant proteins a, B, C and d in inflammatory and tumorigenic lung lesions of f344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:175-82. [PMID: 25378802 PMCID: PMC4217230 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SPs), originally known as human lung surfactants, are essential to respiratory structure and function. There are 4 subtypes, SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D, with SP-A and SP-D having immunological functions, and SP-B and SP-C having physicochemical properties that reduce the surface tension at biological interfaces. In this experiment, the expressions of SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D in lung neoplastic lesions induced by N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine (DHPN) and inflammatory lesions due to quartz instillation were examined and compared immunohistochemically. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) lung samples featuring inflammation were obtained with a rat quartz instillation model, and neoplastic lesions, hyperplasias and adenomas, were obtained with the rat DHPN-induced lung carcinogenesis model. In the rat quartz instillation model, male 10-week old F344 rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation (IT) to quartz at a dose of 2 mg/rat suspended in saline (0.2 ml) on day 0, and sacrificed on day 28. Lung tumorigenesis in F344 male rats was initiated by DHPN in drinking water for 2 weeks, and the animals were then sacrificed in week 30. Lung proliferative lesions, hyperplasias and adenomas, were observed with DHPN, and inflammation was observed with quartz. The expressions of SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D were examined immunohistochemically. SP-B and SP-C showed strong expression in lung hyperplasias and adenomas, while SP-A and SP-D were observed in mucus or exudates in inflammatory alveoli. These results suggest the possibility that SP-B and SP-C are related to lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Yokohira
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamakawa
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakano
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takamasa Numano
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura, Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0113, Japan
| | - Fumio Furukawa
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura, Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0113, Japan
| | - Sosuke Kishi
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ninomiya
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shohei Kanie
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hitotsumachi
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kousuke Saoo
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imaida
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Ninomiya F, Yokohira M, Kishi S, Nakano Y, Yamakawa K, Inoue T, Kuno T, Imaida K. Gender-dependent effects of gonadectomy on lung carcinogenesis by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in female and male A/J mice. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2632-8. [PMID: 24085151 PMCID: PMC3839949 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of gonadectomy on lung carcinogenesis in female and male mice, and to determine an association between sex hormone and lung carcinogenesis. Female and male A/J mice were divided into gonadectomized and unoperated control groups and all animals were treated intraperitoneally with 1 or 2 injections of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) at the dose of 2 mg/mouse. The mice were sacrificed 18 or 56 weeks after surgery. Serum levels of estradiol in females and testosterone in males were confirmed to be decreased by gonadectomy. Lung white nodules were detected in all mice of all groups. In the control groups of 18- and 56-week studies, the multiplicities of lung nodules in females were significantly greater than in males. In males in the 56-week study, the multiplicity of macroscopical lung nodules, bronchiolo-alveolar hyperplasias, adenomas and tumors (adenomas and adenocarcinomas) showed significant increase with castration. In females in the 18-week study, the multiplicity of adenomas decreased significantly by ovariectomy. Based on the results of the present study, female A/J mice were confirmed to be more susceptible to NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis than males. Furthermore, it was suggested that the process is inhibited by testosterone and accelerated by estradiol. These findings indicate the possibility that sex hormones play important roles in determining sex differences in lung carcinogenesis in the A/J mice initiated by NNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Ninomiya
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Yokohira M, Hashimoto N, Yamakawa K, Suzuki S, Saoo K, Kuno T, Imaida K. Lack of Modifying Effects of Intratracheal Instillation of Quartz or Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) in Drinking Water on Lung Tumor Development Initiated with 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in Female A/J Mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:179-85. [PMID: 22271992 PMCID: PMC3252039 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of inflammation, induced by intratracheal instillation (i.t.) of quartz as an environmental factor in the lung or drinking of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as an environmental factor in the colon on lung tumors in female A/J mice initiated with NNK. For comparison, colonic preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), were also assessed. A/J mice at 6 weeks of age were divided into 5 groups, and Groups 1, 2 and 3 were pretreated with NNK (2 mg / 0.1 ml saline / mouse, intraperitoneal injection) at week 0. For a week, 2% DSS in drinking water was administered to the mice in Groups 2 and 4 beginning in week 1. In week 2, the mice of Groups 3 and 5 were exposed to intratracheal instillation of quartz (0.1 mg/rat) suspended in 25 μl saline. The experiment was terminated after 16 weeks. The results for the lung tumors and colonic ACFs showed a lack of modifying effects of the inflammation in either site. Hematologically and histopathologically, the inflammation induced by 0.1 mg quartz in the lung and 2% DSS in the colon was lacking or only mild at the end of 16 weeks. These results suggest that there may be differences in sensitivity to inflammation that determine tumor promoting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Yokohira
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Yokohira M, Takeuchi H, Saoo K, Matsuda Y, Yamakawa K, Hosokawa K, Kuno T, Imaida K. Establishment of a bioassay model for lung cancer chemoprevention initiated with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in female A/J mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:469-73. [PMID: 18639446 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In order to prevent lung cancer development in people at high risk, identification of chemopreventive agents may be important. The present study was conducted to establish a bioassay model for this purpose. In particular, the time course of 4-(methylnitrosamno)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumor development was examined to determine the most appropriate shortest period to assess effects of test agents, with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) as a typical example. METHODS A total of 124 mice were separated into two groups (Group A: 60 mice, Group B: 64 mice), pretreated with 100ppm 8-MOP (Group A) or basal diet (Group B) for 3 days before receiving single doses of NNK (2mg/0.1ml saline/mouse i.p.) on days 0 and 7. Subgroups of 15 mice of each group were then sacrificed after 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks. RESULTS Microscopically, the earliest time point when significant differences in data for hyperplasia, adenoma and hyperplasia and adenoma could be detected was 12 weeks. A trend was noted for 8-MOP to reduce adenomas to a greater extent than hyperplasia. DISCUSSION In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the double i.p. treatment with NNK and 12 weeks duration are effective for detection of lung cancer chemoprevention in our A/J mouse lung tumorigenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Yokohira
- Onco-Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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