Pemphigus foliaceus patients (Fogo Selvagem) treated with kinesiotherapy presented lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines

The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on autoimmune diseases: A 20-year systematic review

BACKGROUND

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise may be an underlying factor in improving several autoimmune diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence on the role of exercise training in mitigating inflammation in adolescents and adults with autoimmune disease.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were systematically reviewed for related studies published between January 1, 2003, and August 31, 2023. All randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions with autoimmune disease study participants that evaluated inflammation-related biomarkers were included. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise scale and Cochrane bias risk tool.

RESULTS

A total of 14,565 records were identified. After screening the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 87 were eligible for the systematic review. These studies were conducted in 25 different countries and included a total of 2779 participants (patients with autoimmune disease, in exercise or control groups). Overall, the evidence suggests that inflammation-related markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α were reduced by regular exercise interventions. Regular exercise interventions combined with multiple exercise modes were associated with greater benefits.

CONCLUSION

Regular exercise training by patients with autoimmune disease exerts an anti-inflammatory influence. This systematic review provides support for the promotion and development of clinical exercise intervention programs for patients with autoimmune disease. Most patients with autoimmune disease can safely adopt moderate exercise training protocols, but changes in inflammation biomarkers will be modest at best. Acute exercise interventions are ineffective or even modestly but transiently pro-inflammatory.

Study on the pathogenesis of liver injury caused by alcohol and drugs

In the present study, alcohol, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and carbon tetrachloride (CCL₄) were administered to experimental mice. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 concentrations, and collagen type 1alpha (COL-1A) and fibronectin expressions were measured to evaluate pathophysiology of liver injury. Levels of ALT and AST were significantly increased by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol alone treatment, but it was not statistically significant. Alcohol with CCL₄ treatment significantly increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL₄ treatment significantly increased ALT and AST levels more than alcohol with CCL₄ treatment. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly enhanced by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment significantly enhanced concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with CCL₄ treatment significantly enhanced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL₄ treatment increased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations more than alcohol with CCL₄ treatment, but it was not statistically significant. COL-1A and fibronectin expressions were significantly increased by alcohol treatment. Alcohol with LPS treatment significantly increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with CCL₄ treatment significantly increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol alone treatment. Alcohol with LPS and CCL₄ treatment increased COL-1A and fibronectin expressions more than alcohol with CCL₄ treatment, but it was not statistically significant.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide Attenuates Airway Inflammation Through A2AR Signaling Pathway in PM10-Exposed Mice

Purpose

Inhalation of air containing high amounts of particular matter (PM) causes various respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. The changes of expression of inflammatory factors by polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) administration in the PM₁₀-exposed trachea inflammation model were evaluated.

Methods

PM₁₀ was administered to mouse trachea to induce acute inflammatory damage, and changes in inflammatory factors were observed after administration of PDRN and 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX) for 3 days daily. Expression of inflammatory cytokines, adenosine A_2A receptor (A_2AR), protein kinase A (PKA), 3΄,5΄-cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element binding protein (CREB) were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, and western blot assay.

Results

PM-exposed trachea showed increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β expression, and expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was inhibited by PDRN treatment in PM-exposed mice. PM-exposed trachea showed increased nuclear factor (NF)-κB phosphorylation, and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B was inhibited by PDRN treatment in PM-exposed mice. PM-exposed trachea showed increased expression of A_2AR, but PDRN treatment more enhanced A_2AR expression in PM-exposed mice. PKA phosphorylation was not changed and CREP phosphorylation was decreased, however PDRN treatment increased phosphorylation of PKA and CREB in PM-exposed mice. DMPX treatment blocked all the effects of PDRN on PM-exposed mice, demonstrating that the action of PDRN occurs via A_2AR.

Conclusions

PDRN treatment attenuated inflammation in the trachea of the PM₁₀-exposed mice. This improving effect of PDRN can be ascribed to the activation of A_2AR through the cAMP-PKA pathway.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide Exerts Protective Effect Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury Through Inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway in Mice

Acute liver injury (ALI) causes life-threatening clinical problem, and its underlying etiology includes inflammation and apoptosis. An adenosine A_2A receptor agonist, polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the current study, the protective effect of PDRN against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced ALI was investigated using mice. For the induction of ALI, mice received intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ twice over seven days. Mice from the PDRN-treated groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 200 μL saline containing PDRN (8 mg/kg), once a day for seven days, starting on day 1 after the first CCl₄ injection. In order to confirm that the action of PDRN occurs through the adenosine A_2A receptor, 8 mg/kg 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX), an adenosine A_2A receptor antagonist, was treated with PDRN. Administration of CCl₄ impaired liver tissue and increased the liver index and histopathologic score. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased, and apoptosis was induced by the administration of CCl₄. Administration of CCl₄ activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and facilitated phosphorylation of signaling factors in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In contrast, PDRN treatment suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited apoptosis. PDRN treatment inactivated NF-κB and suppressed phosphorylation of signaling factors in MAPK. As a result, liver index and histopathologic score were reduced by PDRN treatment. When PDRN was treated with DMPX, the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect of PDRN disappeared. Therefore, PDRN can be used as an effective therapeutic agent for acute liver damage.

Swimming Exercise Ameliorates Symptoms of MOG-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Inflammation and Demyelination in Rats

Purpose

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nerve system, resulting in cumulative loss of motor function. Multiple sclerosis is induced through multiple mechanisms and is caused by inflammation and demyelination. This study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of swimming exercise in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats, an animal model of multiple sclerosis.

Methods

EAE was induced by an intradermal injection of 50-μg purified myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 33–55 (MOG_33-55) dissolved in 200-μL saline at the base of the tail. The rats in the swimming exercise group were made to swim for 30 minutes once pert a day for 26 consecutive days, starting 5 days after induction of EAE. To compare the effect of swimming exercise with interferon-β, a drug for multiple sclerosis, interferon-β was injected intraperitoneally into rats of the EAE-induced and interferon-β-treated group during the exercise period.

Results

Injection of MOG_33-55 caused weight loss, decreased clinical disability score, and increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators in the lumbar spinal cord. Loss of motor function and weakness increased demyelination score. Swimming exercise suppressed demyelination and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. These changes promoted recovery of EAE symptoms such as body weight loss, motor dysfunction, and weakness. Swimming exercise caused the same level of improvement as interferon-β treatment.

Conclusions

The results of this experiment suggest the possibility of swimming exercise in urological diseases that are difficult to treat. Swimming exercises can be considered for relief of symptom in incurable multiple sclerosis.