Implementation of Computerized Physician Order Entry in Primary Care: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE

This scoping review aimed to assess the implementation and outcomes of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) in primary care.

METHODS

A scoping review was carried out in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute's guidelines (JBI). The databases PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were all searched. The full text of each article was reviewed for eligibility after the title and abstract were evaluated. JBI data extraction were used to extract data. Donabedian's framework served as the foundation for the data discussion.

RESULTS

Based on the inclusion criteria, seven studies were included. The studies' main goal in common was to analyze the outcome or impact of implementing CPOE systems in ambulatory or primary care settings. Several studies described the framework, current state of implementation, and evaluation or recommendation following CPOE system implementation. Many positive effects were felt by physicians or prescribers, pharmacists, patients, and primary care providers, with patient safety being the primary goal.

CONCLUSION

Although this study discovered some issues and factors associated with CPOE implementation and adoption, such as infrastructure, workflow, level of engagement, and safety culture, CPOE has many positive outcomes for patients, physicians, and primary care. To improve CPOE adoption in healthcare, particularly primary care, more research into the structure, framework, and components of CPOE deployment is required.

Evaluation of Transition to Electronic Prescriptions in Turkey: Perspective of Family Physicians

Background: One of the most important steps of the health transformation program involves the application of electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions) in health services. Information technologies are highly important in generating e-prescriptions, which can be described as a document produced by authorized personnel electronically, containing written information and instructions regarding a patient’s medication and its usage. E-prescribing has become increasingly applied in recent years as a contributing application to prescribers and patients. The aim of this study was to determine the level of satisfaction of family physicians providing primary care in Turkey regarding the application of e-prescriptions, and reveal the related positive effects and problems encountered in the first months of implementation of e-prescribing.

Methods: A questionnaire with eight questions was sent to e-mails of all family physicians working in Turkey in May 2013. A total of 1564 family physicians filled in the questionnaire form and sent it back by e-mail. The responses to openended questions were evaluated by content analysis.

Results: It was observed that the most frequently indicated advantages of the application of e-prescriptions were speeding up the prescription process and saving time (36.6%). The most commonly reported problems regarding the application of e-prescriptions were found to be system-induced problems (26.5%) and internet problems (19.9%). In addition, the mean score of satisfaction of the family physicians who did not report problems with the application of e-prescriptions was higher than that of those who reported having problems with it. In the study, 77.8% of the family physicians were satisfied with the application of e-prescriptions.

Conclusion: Although some problems were reported regarding the application of e-prescriptions in the first months of the application, family physicians participated in the study were found to be satisfied with the application of e-prescriptions, and identified positive effects on their work and processes.

Youth and Experience: The Effect of Surgeon Experience on Outcomes in Cerebral Palsy Scoliosis Surgery

BACKGROUND

Series on the learning curve in spinal deformity surgery have been published, but none has addressed neuromuscular spinal deformity, comprised of arguably the most complex cases. We present the first multi-center analysis of the impact of surgeon experience on neuromuscular spinal deformity surgery.

METHODS

A multi-center prospective study of spinal deformity surgery for cerebral palsy (CP) with at least 2 years of follow-up provided the dataset for assessment. Surgeons were categorized into one of two groups based on their self-reported first year of practice: an experienced surgeons (ES) group included those with at least 10 years of experience at the time of surgery and a young surgeons (YS) group included those with fewer than 10 years of experience at time of surgery. Groups were compared in multiple pre-operative, operative, and post-operative outcomes.

RESULTS

The YS group had 8 surgeons who performed 59 surgeries; the ES group had 13 surgeons who performed 103 cases, with one surgeon's cases distributed in both groups. The YS group had a greater proportion of patients with severe mental retardation (89.7% vs. 68.6%, p = .01). Duration of surgery was greater in the YS group (456 vs. 344 minutes, p < .001). The mean number of levels fused was greater in the ES group (15.9 vs. 15.6, p = .024), caused by increased variation in the upper level of fusion among the ES group. No significant differences were found between groups for estimated blood loss, length of hospitalization, or in percentage of Cobb correction. Years of experience of the operating surgeon was inversely correlated with duration of surgery (rho = -0.476, p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

In performing scoliosis surgery on CP patients, surgeons with fewer than ten years of practice experience demonstrate significantly greater average operative time and decreased mean number of levels fused, yet produce similar clinical outcomes to more experienced surgeons.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, therapeutic.

Increasing the uptake of electronic prescribing in primary care

Electronic prescribing is a form of paperless prescribing that is reported to reduce prescription mistakes and increases the cost effectiveness of the process. In England, around 1.5 million prescriptions are generated in general practice daily. Thus by reducing costs and increasing efficiency of this system through electronic prescribing, costs can be driven down.

In this Quality Improvement project, a GP practice in London with approximately 3000 patients on record was assessed for its electronic prescribing rates throughout 3 intervention cycles over a period of 2 months. A baseline value of how many patients were already assigned to electronic prescribing was obtained and a period of normal change over a fortnight without any intervention was also assessed (an increase in 15 patients). These values were then used to illustrate any benefits of the interventions completed during the intervention cycles. An introduction of a new electronic prescribing form saw fortnightly uptake rates increase by 20%. The addition of leaflets and posters in the practice produced a decrease of 26% in fortnightly uptake rate. The final intervention included a staff meeting, computer notes to remind staff of electronic prescribing and attaching the new forms to paper prescriptions. This saw an increase in rates of 80% over two weeks. Overall, this project has illustrated that information provision of electronic prescribing needs to be more than just forms or posters. Indeed, the most effective way of improving rates relies on having a driven and motivated staff who are themselves well informed on electronic prescribing alongside adequate information placement for patients to access.