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Wettstein R, Valido E, Buergin J, Haumer A, Speck N, Capossela S, Stoyanov J, Bertolo A. Understanding the impact of spinal cord injury on the microbiota of healthy skin and pressure injuries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12540. [PMID: 37532801 PMCID: PMC10397227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressure injuries (PI) are a common issue among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), especially in the sitting areas of the body. Considering the risk of infections occurring to PI during the wound healing process, the skin microbiome is likely to be a source of bacteria. We investigated the relationship between skin and PI microbiomes, and assessed any correlation with clinically relevant outcomes related to PI. Samples were isolated from SCI patients undergoing reconstructive surgery of PI, severity grades III and IV. DNA samples from skin and PI were analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results showed disparities in microbiome composition between skin and PI. The skin had lower diversity, while PI showed increased bacterial homogeneity as the severity grade progressed. The skin bacterial composition varied based on its location, influenced by Cutibacterium. Compositional differences were identified between PI grades III and IV, with clusters of bacteria colonizing PI, characterized by Pseudomonas, Proteus and Peptoniphilus. The skin and PI microbiomes were not affected by the level of the SCI. Our study highlights the differences in the microbiome of skin and PI in SCI patients. These findings could be used to target specific bacteria for PI treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Wettstein
- SCI Population Biobanking and Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ezra Valido
- SCI Population Biobanking and Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Joel Buergin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Haumer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Speck
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona Capossela
- SCI Population Biobanking and Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Jivko Stoyanov
- SCI Population Biobanking and Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bertolo
- SCI Population Biobanking and Translational Research Group, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bern Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Hasegawa M, Inoue Y, Kaneko S, Kanoh H, Shintani Y, Tsujita J, Fujita H, Motegi SI, Le Pavoux A, Asai J, Asano Y, Abe M, Amano M, Ikegami R, Ishii T, Isei T, Isogai Z, Ito T, Irisawa R, Iwata Y, Otsuka M, Omoto Y, Kato H, Kadono T, Kawakami T, Kawaguchi M, Kukino R, Kono T, Koga M, Kodera M, Sakai K, Sakurai E, Sarayama Y, Tanioka M, Tanizaki H, Doi N, Nakanishi T, Hashimoto A, Hayashi M, Hirosaki K, Fujimoto M, Fujiwara H, Maekawa T, Matsuo K, Madokoro N, Yatsushiro H, Yamasaki O, Yoshino Y, Tachibana T, Ihn H. Wound, pressure ulcer and burn guidelines - 1: Guidelines for wounds in general, second edition. J Dermatol 2020; 47:807-833. [PMID: 32614097 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese Dermatological Association prepared the clinical guidelines for the "Wound, pressure ulcer and burn guidelines", second edition, focusing on treatments. Among them, "Guidelines for wounds in general" is intended to provide the knowledge necessary to heal wounds, without focusing on particular disorders. It informs the basic principles of wound treatment, before explanations are provided in individual chapters of the guidelines. We updated all sections by collecting references published since the publication of the first edition. In particular, we included new wound dressings and topical medications. Additionally, we added "Question 6: How should wound-related pain be considered, and what should be done to control it?" as a new section addressing wound pain, which was not included in the first edition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Japan
| | - Yuji Inoue
- Suizenji Dermatology Clinic, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sakae Kaneko
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanoh
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Jun Tsujita
- Department of Dermatology, Social Insurance Inatsuki Hospital, Fukuoka Prefecture Social Insurance Hospital Association, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Jun Asai
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Amano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryuta Ikegami
- Department of Dermatology, JCHO Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishii
- Division of Dermatology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Taiki Isei
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zenzo Isogai
- Division of Dermatology and Connective Tissue Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Ryokichi Irisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masaki Otsuka
- Division of Dermatology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Omoto
- Department of Dermatology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kadono
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tamihiro Kawakami
- Department of Dermatology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kawaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kono
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzei, Japan
| | - Monji Koga
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanari Kodera
- Department of Dermatology, JCHO Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sakai
- Department of Dermatology, Minamata City General Hospital & Medical Center, Minamata, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Naotaka Doi
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akira Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kuninori Hirosaki
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido Medical Care Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Minamiuonuma, Japan
| | - Takeo Maekawa
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Madokoro
- Department of Dermatology, MAZDA Hospital, Aki-gun, Japan
| | | | - Osamu Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yoshino
- Department of Dermatology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takao Tachibana
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Murphy C, Atkin L, Swanson T, Tachi M, Tan YK, de Ceniga MV, Weir D, Wolcott R, Ĉernohorská J, Ciprandi G, Dissemond J, James GA, Hurlow J, Lázaro MartÍnez JL, Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B, Wilson P. Defying hard-to-heal wounds with an early antibiofilm intervention strategy: wound hygiene. J Wound Care 2020; 29:S1-S26. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2020.29.sup3b.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Murphy
- Vascular Nurse Specialist, The Ottawa Hospital Limb Preservation Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Leanne Atkin
- Vascular Nurse Consultant, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Huddersfield, UK
| | - Terry Swanson
- Nurse Practitioner, Wound Management, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
| | - Masahiro Tachi
- Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yih Kai Tan
- Director of Vascular Services, Consultant Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Melina Vega de Ceniga
- Consultant Angiologist, Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Dot Weir
- Saratoga Hospital Center for Wound Healing and Hyperbaric Medicine, Saratoga Springs, New York, US
| | | | | | - Guido Ciprandi
- Chief Wound Care Surgical Unit, Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Joachim Dissemond
- Professor of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Essen, Germany
| | - Garth A James
- Associate Research Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Director, Medical Biofilms Laboratory, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, US
| | - Jenny Hurlow
- Wound Specialized Advanced Practice Nurse, Advanced Wound Care, Southaven, Mississippi and West Memphis, Arkansas, US
| | | | - Beata Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska
- Associate Professor, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pauline Wilson
- Clinical Specialist Podiatrist, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Fujiwara H, Isogai Z, Irisawa R, Otsuka M, Kadono T, Koga M, Hirosaki K, Asai J, Asano Y, Abe M, Amano M, Ikegami R, Ishii T, Isei T, Ito T, Inoue Y, Iwata Y, Omoto Y, Kato H, Kaneko S, Kanoh H, Kawakami T, Kawaguchi M, Kukino R, Kono T, Kodera M, Sakai K, Sakurai E, Sarayama Y, Shintani Y, Tanioka M, Tanizaki H, Tsujita J, Doi N, Nakanishi T, Hashimoto A, Hasegawa M, Hayashi M, Fujita H, Fujimoto M, Maekawa T, Matsuo K, Madokoro N, Motegi SI, Yatsushiro H, Yamasaki O, Yoshino Y, Pavoux AL, Tachibana T, Ihn H. Wound, pressure ulcer and burn guidelines - 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pressure ulcers, second edition. J Dermatol 2018; 47:929-978. [PMID: 30194884 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tachibana T, Imafuku S, Irisawa R, Ohtsuka M, Kadono T, Fujiwara H, Asano Y, Abe M, Ishii T, Isei T, Ito T, Inoue Y, Ohtsuka M, Ogawa F, Kodera M, Kawakami T, Kawaguchi M, Kukino R, Kono T, Sakai K, Takahara M, Tanioka M, Nakanishi T, Nakamura Y, Hashimoto A, Hasegawa M, Hayashi M, Fujimoto M, Maekawa T, Matsuo K, Madokoro N, Yamasaki O, Yoshino Y, Le Pavoux A, Ihn H. The wound/burn guidelines - 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for pressure ulcers. J Dermatol 2016; 43:469-506. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Tachibana
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka Red Cross Hospital; Osaka Japan
| | - Shinichi Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Ryokichi Irisawa
- Department of Dermatology; Tokyo Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaki Ohtsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Takafumi Kadono
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Dermatlogy; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatlogy; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Masatoshi Abe
- Department of Dermatology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Gunma Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishii
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Taiki Isei
- Department of Dermatology; Kansai Medical University; Osaka Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Dermatology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Hyogo Japan
| | - Yuji Inoue
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Mikio Ohtsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Fukushima Medical University; Fukushima Japan
| | - Fumihide Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Masanari Kodera
- Department of Dermatology; Japan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo Hospital; Aichi Japan
| | - Tamihiro Kawakami
- Department of Dermatology; St Marianna University School of Medicine; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Masakazu Kawaguchi
- Department of Dermatology; Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine; Yamagata Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kukino
- Department of Dermatology; NTT Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Kono
- Department of Dermatology; Nippon Medical School; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keisuke Sakai
- Intensive Care Unit; Kumamoto University Hospital; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Masakazu Takahara
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Miki Tanioka
- Department of Dermatology; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakanishi
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | | | - Akira Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyagi Japan
| | - Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University; Ishikawa Japan
| | | | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Takeo Maekawa
- Department of Dermatology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi Japan
| | - Koma Matsuo
- Department of Dermatology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Madokoro
- Department of Dermatology; Mazda Hospital; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Osamu Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yoshino
- Department of Dermatology; Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital; Kumamoto Japan
| | | | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
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Nakagami G, Yoshida S, Matsumoto M, Koyano Y, Yamamoto Y, Sugama J, Sanada H. A new objective evaluation method for PU cleansing using a rapid bacteria counting system. J Wound Care 2013; 22:278-81. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2013.22.5.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Nakagami
- Department of Gerontological Nursing and Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Yoshida
- Department of Gerontological Nursing and Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Y. Koyano
- Department of Gerontological Nursing and Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Yamamoto
- Department of Gerontological Nursing and Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. Sugama
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - H. Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing and Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Nicolas B, Moiziard A, Barrois B, Colin D, Michel J, Passadori Y, Ribinik P. Which medical device and/or which local treatment for prevention in patients with risk factors of pressure sores in 2012. Towards development of French guideline for clinical practice. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2012; 55:482-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sanada H. [Updated pressure ulcer management]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2007; 44:425-8. [PMID: 17827794 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.44.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Banfi S, Caruso E, Buccafurni L, Battini V, Zazzaron S, Barbieri P, Orlandi V. Antibacterial activity of tetraaryl-porphyrin photosensitizers: an in vitro study on Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 85:28-38. [PMID: 16737820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy exploits visible light and photosensitizers to inactivate cells and this methodology is currently used for the treatment of several types of malignancy. Although various tumours are successfully treated with PSs and light, the application on microorganisms (photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy) has not yet found specific medical applications and still remains an open field of fundamental research. PURPOSE The assessment of the effect of a panel of seven tetraaryl-porphyrins, two commercial (PS 1 and 2) and five synthetic (PS 3-7) in in vitro experiments against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS Three of the new photosensitizers (PS 3, 4 and 5) are tetracationic porphyrins and were prepared by N-alkylation of 5,10,15,20-tetra-4-pyridylporphyrin with a large excess of different benzyl chlorides; compound 7 is a dicationic porphyrin and was obtained in a similar way using a lower excess of 4-methoxybenzyl chloride. The neutral porphyrin (PS 6) was previously described. Dose-response curves were obtained titrating the survivors of cell suspensions (10(8)cfu/ml) exposed to the PSs and irradiated with visible light (total fluence rate 266 J/cm2). RESULTS The non ionic porphyrin 6 was the least active PS against all the tested bacteria. Cationic PSs 3, 4, 5 and 7 were more active than the commercial 1 and 2. The Gram positive S. aureus was more sensitive to all the PSs than the Gram negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, the latter being the more resistant one. Compound 7 was found particularly efficient against P. aeruginosa, causing a 7 log units reduction of survivors at a concentration of 8 microM. CONCLUSIONS The reported results confirm that the presence of positively charged groups on porphyrin frame is fundamental for PSs antibacterial activity, however our data suggest that a moderate degree of lipophilicity, achievable by the introduction of aromatic hydrocarbon side chains on the pyridyl moieties, may improve PSs efficiency. Furthermore dicationic porphyrin 7 seems to be more efficient than the corresponding tetracationic derivatives thus emphasizing an interesting feature involved in the PSs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Banfi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Via H.J. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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