1
|
Blichárová A, Benetinová Z, Mátyás T, Labaj P, Verbóová Ľ, Tancoš V, Nedoroščík A. Peliosis of the spleen as an unusual cause of splenic rupture: A case report and a review of literature. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 103:102659. [PMID: 38431990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Isolated splenic peliosis is an extremely rare condition characterized by the presence of multiple blood-filled cavities, occasionally resulting in non-traumatic splenic rupture with fatal bleeding. In our case, a 64-year-old man was brought by ambulance due to weakness and abdominal pain without nausea or febrility. On clinical examination, the patient was sensitive to palpation with significant tenderness over the abdomen but no associated features of peritonitis. He collapsed during the imaging examination and became unconscious and asystolic. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was not successful. The patient died approximately within 2 hours of admission to the hospital. Postmortal examination showed 2800 ml of intraperitoneal blood with clots and a laceration of the lower pole of the spleen. Macroscopic examination of the spleen revealed huge nodular splenomegaly, measuring 21 cm x 19 cm x 5 cm, weighing 755 g. On the cut surfaces, multiple randomly distributed blood-filled cavities ranging from 0,5 to 2 cm in diameter were seen. At microscopic examination, the specimens showed multiple irregular haemorrhagic cyst-like lesions that were not lined by any epithelium or sinusoidal endothelium, consistent with the diagnosis of peliosis lienis. Although the condition is often clinically silent, the forensic pathological significance arises from the differential diagnosis of resultant intraperitoneal haemorrhage and sudden death, mimicking a violent death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alžbeta Blichárová
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Benetinová
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Tibor Mátyás
- Forensic Medicine and Pathological Anatomy Workplace in Košice of Health Care Surveillance Authority, Ipeľská 1, 043 74, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Labaj
- Forensic Medicine and Pathological Anatomy Workplace in Košice of Health Care Surveillance Authority, Ipeľská 1, 043 74, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Ľudmila Verbóová
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimír Tancoš
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Adam Nedoroščík
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University and Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Rastislavova 43, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chandra A, Navarro SM, Killeen TF, Nemanich G, Harmon JV. Spontaneous splenic rupture due to Peliosis and the association with malignancy: A case series and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 110:108676. [PMID: 37633196 PMCID: PMC10509808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Isolated splenic peliosis is an extremely rare condition. The associations of splenic peliosis with various infections, medications, and conditions have unclear significance. We present three patients from the past twenty years with spontaneous splenic rupture due to peliosis, two of whom had hematologic malignancy, to draw attention to a possible correlation. CASE PRESENTATION A 31-year-old male with essential thrombocytopenia and antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome presented with worsening abdominal pain and hypotension. The patient denied any trauma. Computed-tomography demonstrated hemoperitoneum and splenic rupture with innumerable blood-filled splenic cysts. An uncomplicated emergency open splenectomy was performed with shed-blood reinfusion. The patient was discharged on postoperative day five. The patient developed acute myelogenous leukemia and died six years later. A 44-year-old otherwise healthy male presented with left upper-quadrant and shoulder pain without reported trauma. Computed-tomography (CT) imaging revealed splenomegaly, multiple splenic cystic lesions, and free intraperitoneal blood. A laparoscopic splenectomy, complicated by a pancreatic leak that was managed with a drain, was performed. The patient was discharged on postoperative day three and was well at 37 months follow-up. A 78-year-old male with splenomegaly and chronic anemia on warfarin for atrial fibrillation presented in shock with a distended abdomen after falling from a standing height. The patient was resuscitated with two units of packed red blood cells and underwent emergent abdominal exploration. The spleen was ruptured. An open splenectomy was performed and four liters of intraperitoneal blood were evacuated. Pathology confirmed splenic peliosis and historic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient had an excellent response to chemotherapy but died 12 years later. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Splenic peliosis is a rare vascular phenomenon of unclear etiology. Several toxic and pharmaceutical agents have been associated with spontaneous splenic rupture in patients with peliosis. There are also a number of reported patients who were noted to have hematologic disorders, suggestive of a potential association to the pathophysiology of peliosis. CONCLUSION Based on our clinical experience and focused literature review, it appears likely that there is a relationship between splenic peliosis and hematologic malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States.
| | - Sergio M Navarro
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States
| | - Trevor F Killeen
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States
| | - George Nemanich
- Department of Surgery, M Health Fairview Southdale Hospital, Edina, MN 55435, United States
| | - James V Harmon
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nassr B, Hassan WA, Nassr H, Allouzi A, Al-Shebly M. Isolated splenic peliosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:298. [PMID: 37386487 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peliosis is a rare condition with anatomopathological characteristics that affect the liver. However, splenic peliosis is even more unique and rare. Patients with such abnormality usually exhibit no symptoms. Moreover, this is a lethal condition due to the high probability of splenic rupture accompanied by shock. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 29-year-old Arab female who was admitted to the hospital with severe upper abdominal pain that started 1 week from the date of admission, associated with nausea, anorexia, low-grade fever, and vomiting, with no past medical history or comorbidities. A computerized tomography scan with contrast showed intraperitoneal free fluid along with multiple hypodense splenic cysts. Hence, an emergent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy was performed. Splenic peliosis was confirmed by the histopathological examination. CONCLUSION Further investigations are warranted if peliosis is confirmed in one organ, for example, the liver, to detect its presence in any other potential organs that can be affected by peliosis. Splenic peliosis is extraordinarily rare. Furthermore, such a disease has no established management plan. Definitive treatment is surgical. Many aspects of splenic peliosis remain puzzling requiring more research in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Nassr
- Department of General Surgery, Aster Sanad Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wael Abdu Hassan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges, PO Box 777, Al Bukayriyah, 51941, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hasan Nassr
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi University, Al Bukayriyah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Allouzi
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi University, Al Bukayriyah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Shebly
- Department of General Surgery, Aster Sanad Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Horioka K, Shiomi T, Okaba K, Ishii N, Motomura A, Inoue H, Yamada S, Makino Y, Yajima D. Splenic peliosis associated with spontaneous rupture and massive bleeding. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101966. [PMID: 34543822 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report findings from an autopsy case who died from massive bleeding because of splenic peliosis. The case subject was an 80-year-old man who had diabetes mellitus and who was receiving hemodialysis and anticoagulant therapy. Postmortem computed tomography demonstrated massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage especially seen around the spleen. At autopsy, we found abundant hemorrhagic ascites, including a large number of clots, in the abdominal cavity. The spleen had several distinct dark red areas ranging in size from 1.5 to 2.5 cm and showed spontaneous rupture along with hematoma formation on the outside of the splenic capsule on the anterior side. From these findings, we concluded that the cause of death in this case was massive hemorrhage owing to spontaneous rupture of splenic peliosis. Although peliosis itself rarely causes death, but when it is destroyed, massive bleeding leads to death. Thus, it is necessary to know the histopathological characteristics of peliosis, in forensics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kie Horioka
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Shiomi
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okaba
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Namiko Ishii
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Ayumi Motomura
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Yousuke Makino
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Department of Legal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Widmer LW, Ardüser D, Kraus R, Gebbers JO, Villiger P. Peliosis lienalis with atraumatic splenic rupture in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2021; 80:105641. [PMID: 33621728 PMCID: PMC7907813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peliosis lienalis is a rare pathological entity which may be associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Increasing splenomegaly in patients with hematological malignancies should rise suspicion of impending splenic rupture. Peliosis lienalis may be suspected with new inhomogeneous splenic parenchyma on sonography.
Introduction Atraumatic splenic rupture is a rare but life-threatening condition which may be associated with hematological malignancies. Presentation of case We present the case of a 63-year-old male patient with a history of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and sarcoidosis under therapy with prednisone, who suffered an atraumatic splenic rupture with hemodynamic instability. He was managed with proximal splenic artery embolization and secondary open splenectomy. On pathology the diagnosis of peliosis lienalis was established. Discussion Peliosis is a rare pathological entity, which presents with multiple blood-filled cavities within parenchymatous organs and is of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. In retrospect a rapid increase in splenomegaly and inhomogeneous parenchyma of the spleen on sonography was realized. Conclusion Sonographic changes in size and parenchyma of the spleen in patients with hematological malignancies might help suspecting peliosis lienalis with impending splenic rupture and could alter clinical management towards a prophylactic splenectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Werner Widmer
- Department of Visceral Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - David Ardüser
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Loëstrasse 170, CH-7000, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Kraus
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Loëstrasse 170, CH-7000, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Olaf Gebbers
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Loëstrasse 170, CH-7000, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Peter Villiger
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Loëstrasse 170, CH-7000, Chur, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|