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VanderMolen KM, Little JG, Sica VP, El-Elimat T, Raja HA, Oberlies NH, Baker TR, Mahony C. Safety assessment of mushrooms in dietary supplements by combining analytical data with in silico toxicology evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:133-147. [PMID: 28267567 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing popularity in dietary supplements, many medicinal mushrooms have not been evaluated for their safe human consumption using modern techniques. The multifaceted approach described here relies on five key principles to evaluate the safety of non-culinary fungi for human use: (1) identification by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (commonly referred to as ITS barcoding), (2) screening an extract of each fungal raw material against a database of known fungal metabolites, (3) comparison of these extracts to those prepared from grocery store-bought culinary mushrooms using UHPLCPDA-ELS-HRMS, (4) review of the toxicological and chemical literature for each fungus, and (5) evaluation of data establishing presence in-market. This weight-of-evidence approach was used to evaluate seven fungal raw materials and determine safe human use for each. Such an approach may provide an effective alternative to conventional toxicological animal studies (or more efficiently identifies when studies are necessary) for the safety assessment of fungal dietary ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M VanderMolen
- Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, New Chapter, Inc., 90 Technology Dr, Brattleboro, VT 05301, United States; Central Product Safety, The Procter and Gamble Company, Winton Hill Business Center, 6100 Center Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45232, United States.
| | - Jason G Little
- Product Safety and Regulatory Affairs, New Chapter, Inc., 90 Technology Dr, Brattleboro, VT 05301, United States; Personal Health Care, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Vincent P Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States; Research and Development, Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States.
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402, United States.
| | - Timothy R Baker
- Research and Development, Corporate Functions Analytical, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montogomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States.
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Central Product Safety, Procter and Gamble Company Technical Centres Ltd, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom.
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