Comparison of periacetabular osteotomy and total hip replacement in the same patient

Periacetabular Osteotomy Versus Total Hip Arthroplasty for Symptomatic Acetabular Dysplasia in Patients Age 40 Years or Above

INTRODUCTION

Patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) achievement, reoperation rates, and survivorship were compared between periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients aged 40 to 49 years.

METHODS

Patients aged 40 to 49 years undergoing PAO or THA were retrospectively reviewed. The PAO patients who had a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 or a Tönnis grade ≥ 2 were excluded. The THA patients who had a BMI ≥ 30; a Tönnis grade ≥ 3, or arthritic etiologies following slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Legg-Calve-Perthes, osteonecrosis, and/or trauma were excluded. Postoperative modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Joint Replacement (HOOS JR) were collected at a minimum of 1-year following PAO and THA, respectively (mean follow-up 3.7 versus 3.2 years). Established 2-year thresholds defined PASS. Survival analysis compared procedures with an endpoint of subsequent ipsilateral surgery (excluding hardware removal). There were 103 hips (n = 42 PAO, n = 61 THA) analyzed. Sex, average age, BMI, and lateral center edge angle within the PAO group were 95.2% women, 43 years, 23.1, and 16.9 degrees, respectively, compared to 78.7% women, 45 years, 24.2, and 20.0 degrees in the THA group (P = 0.02, < 0.01, 0.10, and 0.10, respectively).

RESULTS

There were 72% of PAO compared to 61% of THA patients who achieved PASS (P = 0.28). History of prior ipsilateral surgery was associated with failure to achieve PASS (37 versus 6%, P < 0.001). The rate of subsequent surgery was 5% in each cohort (P = 1.0). Mean time-to-event was 11.2 and 7.8 years in the PAO and THA cohorts, respectively. Survivorship free of reoperation was 91% at five and eight years among PAOs and 95% at five and eight years among THAs (P = 0.94).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients aged 40 to 49 years undergoing PAO and THA have similar PASS achievement without differences in reoperation. Both procedures are viable surgical options in quadragenarians, with high survivorship maintained at five and eight years. Thoughtful patient and physician dialogue incorporating all management options and the patient's goals should drive surgical decision-making.

Staged Hip Arthroscopy and Periacetabular Osteotomy in Active Patients Aged 45 Years and Older Produce Comparable Improvements in Outcome Scores to Younger Patients

PURPOSE

To determine staged hip arthroscopy and periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) mid-term outcomes in active patients aged 45 years and older compared with a younger group.

METHODS

All patients aged 45 years and older who underwent staged arthroscopy and PAO between 2015 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with a case-matched control group of younger patients. All patients underwent at least 6 months of nonoperative management prior to surgery. Prior to PAO, all patients underwent hip arthroscopy to address any intra-articular pathology. The experimental group consisted of patients with dysplasia aged 45 years and older without significant osteoarthritis who underwent PAO and reported patient-reported outcomes for a minimum of 1 year postoperatively. Patient-reported outcomes were quantified using the International Hip Outcome Tool 12 (iHOT-12) score and Non-arthritic Hip Score (NAHS).

RESULTS

The cohort consisted of 35 patients (44 hips) with a mean age of 49.4 ± 3.8 years. The lateral center-edge angle significantly improved from preoperatively (20.1° ± 4.5°) to postoperatively (33.2° ± 3.2°, P < .001). The mean follow-up period in the PAO cohort aged 45 years and older was 2.80 years (standard deviation, 1.3 years) postoperatively. Patients reported significant improvements in the iHOT-12 score (36.6 ± 14.1 preoperatively vs 81.2 ± 21.0 at latest follow-up, P < .001) and NAHS (59.2 ± 15.5 preoperatively vs 87.4 ± 13.1 at latest follow-up, P < .001). The older cohort did not report significantly different iHOT-12 scores compared with the control group at any point, and age did not significantly affect either outcome score (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients aged 45 years and older reported a statistically significant improvement in hip function and pain after staged hip arthroscopy and PAO, with outcome scores comparable to a younger cohort. Our findings show that appropriately selected older patients with dysplasia without significant pre-existing hip osteoarthritis experience clinically meaningful improvements in hip pain and function after hip preservation surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, retrospective, comparative case series.

Factors associated with joint survival after transposition osteotomy of the acetabulum in patients with Tönnis grade 2 osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes and factors contributing to failure of transposition osteotomy of the acetabulum (TOA), a type of spherical periacetabular osteotomy, for advanced osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia.

Methods

We reviewed patients with Tönnis grade 2 osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia who underwent TOA between November 1998 and December 2019. Patient demographic details, osteotomy-related complications, and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) were obtained via medical notes review. Radiological indicators of hip dysplasia were assessed using preoperative and postoperative radiographs. The cumulative probability of TOA failure (progression to Tönnis grade 3 or conversion to total hip arthroplasty) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product-limited method. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors of failure.

Results

This study included 127 patients (137 hips). Median follow-up period was ten years (IQR 6 to 15). The median mHHS improved from 59 (IQR 52 to 70) preoperatively to 90 (IQR 73 to 96) at the latest follow-up (p < 0.001). The survival rate was 90% (95% CI 82 to 95) at ten years, decreasing to 21% (95% CI 7 to 48) at 20 years. Fair joint congruity on preoperative hip abduction radiographs and a decreased postoperative anterior wall index (AWI) were identified as independent risk factors for failure. The survival rate for the 42 hips with good preoperative joint congruity and a postoperative AWI ≥ 0.30 was 100% at ten years, and remained at 83% (95% CI 38 to 98) at 20 years.

Conclusion

Although the overall clinical outcomes of TOA in patients with advanced osteoarthritis are suboptimal, favourable results can be achieved in selected cases with good preoperative joint congruity and adequate postoperative anterior acetabular coverage.

Pain, function and quality of life are impaired in adults undergoing periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for hip dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Hip dysplasia is a common condition in active adults with hip pain that can lead to joint degeneration. Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a common surgical treatment for hip dysplasia. The effect of this surgery on pain, function and quality of life (QOL) has not been systematically analysed.

PURPOSE

In adults with hip dysplasia: (1) evaluate differences in pain, function and QOL in those undergoing PAO and healthy controls; (2) evaluate pre- to post-PAO changes in pain, function and QOL; (3) evaluate differences in pain, function and QOL in those with mild versus severe dysplasia, undergoing PAO; and (4) evaluate differences in pain, function and QOL in those having primary PAO versus those with previous hip arthroscopy.

METHODS

A comprehensive, reproducible search strategy was performed on 5 different databases. We included studies that assessed pain, function and QOL in adults undergoing PAO for hip dysplasia, using hip-specific patient reported outcomes measures.

RESULTS

From 5017 titles and abstracts screened, 62 studies were included. Meta-analysis showed PAO patients had worse outcomes pre- and post-PAO compared to healthy participants. Specifically, pain (standardised mean difference [SMD] 95% confidence interval [CI]): -4.05; -4.78 to -3.32), function (-2.81; -3.89 to -1.74), and QOL (-4.10; -4.43 to -3.77) were significantly poorer preoperatively.Meta-analysis found patients experienced improvements following PAO. Pain improved from pre-surgery to 1-year (standardised paired difference [SPD] 1.35; 95% CI, 1.02-1.67) and 2 years postoperatively (1.35; 1.16-1.54). For function, the activities of daily living scores at 1 year (1.22; 1.09-1.35) and 2 years (1.06; 0.9-1.22) and QOL at 1 year (1.36; 1.22-1.5) and 2 years (1.3; 1.1-1.5) all improved. No difference was found between patients undergoing PAO with mild versus severe dysplasia.

CONCLUSIONS

Before undergoing PAO surgery, adults with hip dysplasia have worse levels of pain, function and QOL compared to healthy participants. These levels improve following PAO, but do not reach the same level as their healthy participants.

REGISTRATION

PROSPERO (CRD42020144748).

Periacetabular osteotomy to treat hip dysplasia: a systematic review of harms and benefits

INTRODUCTION

Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is often performed in patients with hip dysplasia. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the harms and benefits of PAO in patients with hip dysplasia in studies reporting both adverse events and patient-reported hip pain and function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic search combing PAO and patient-reported outcomes was performed in the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Sports Discuss and PsychINFO. Studies including both harms and benefits defined as adverse events and patient-reported hip pain and function were included. Risk of bias was assessed using The Cochrane Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies - of Interventions.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine cohort studies were included, of which six studies included a comparison group. The majority of studies had serious risk of bias and the certainty of evidence was very low. The proportion of adverse events was 4.3 (95% CI 3.7; 4.9) for major adverse events and 14.0 (95% CI 13.0; 15.1) for minor adverse events. Peroneal nerve dysfunction was the most frequent adverse event among the major adverse events, followed by acetabular necrosis and delayed union or non-union. All patient-reported hip pain and function scores improved and exceeded the minimal clinically important differences after PAO. After 5 years, scores were still higher than the preoperative scores.

CONCLUSION

PAO surgery has a 4% risk of major, and 14% risk of minor adverse events and a positive effect on patient-reported hip pain and function among patients with hip dysplasia.

A propensity score-matched comparison of patient satisfaction following periacetabular osteotomy or total hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip in an Asian cohort

BACKGROUND

No studies have compared patient satisfaction between periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in Asian cohorts.

METHODS

Multivariate analyses were applied to determine whether patient demographics and postoperative patient-reported outcomes were correlated with postoperative patient satisfaction in 737 DDH patients (251 PAO and 486 THA patients). Additionally, postoperative patient satisfaction, Oxford Hip Score (OHS), University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score, and sports participation were compared between propensity-matched PAO and THA patients for OA secondary to DDH (Kellgren-Lawrence grade II: 32 PAO and 16 THA patients, grade III: 20 PAO and 40 THA patients).

RESULTS

Of the 737 patients, 663 patients (90%) were postoperatively satisfied. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that THA was positively correlated with patient satisfaction. Furthermore, high postoperative OHS-pain, OHS-ADL, and UCLA scores were positively correlated with satisfaction. In propensity-matched PAO and THA patients, PAO elicited greater patient satisfaction than THA for KL grade II OA secondary to DDH, with comparable postoperative OHS (including the pain and ADL subscale), UCLA score, and sports participation rate. In contrast, THA resulted in better satisfaction and OHS-pain for KL grade III OA secondary to DDH, with comparable postoperative OHS-ADL, UCLA score, and sports participation rate in the 2 surgeries.

CONCLUSIONS

Both PAO and THA procedures offer distinct patient satisfaction advantages based on preoperative OA severity. These findings can assist in the clinical decision-making process for the surgical treatment of middle-aged patients with symptomatic DDH.

Comparison of modern periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia with total hip arthroplasty for hip osteoarthritis—10-year outcomes are comparable in young adult patients

Young adult patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and marginal secondary osteoarthritis can be faced with the decision to either undergo periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) to relieve symptoms and slow osteoarthritis progression or wait until progression to more advanced disease and undergo total hip arthroplasty (THA). The decision can be difficult, and contemporary literature to guide these decisions is sparse. Therefore, we retrospectively assessed complication rate, survivorship and patient-reported clinical outcomes [modified Harris Hip score (mHHS), UCLA Activity score] in two, consecutive cohorts of patients aged 18–40 years that underwent either PAO for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia (mean age 28.9 years) or THA for advanced secondary osteoarthritis (32.5 years). PAO patients were followed for a mean of 10.5 years (8–19) and THA patients for 11.9 (8–17)  years. Between PAO and THA groups, there were no differences in overall complication rate (4.7% versus 4.7%), non-revision reoperation rate (5.9% versus 2.3%, P = 0.37) or end-revision rate [7 (8.2%) PAOs converted to THA at mean 10.8 years versus 3 (7.0%) THAs revised at 6.2 years, P = 0.80]. Latest scores remained significantly improved from baseline in both the PAO (mHHS 86.1 versus 63.3, P < 0.001; UCLA 7.5 versus 6.9, P < 0.05) and THA (mHHS 82.6 versus 48.4, P < 0.001; UCLA 7.2 versus 4.6, P < 0.001) cohorts. Final scores were similar between groups (mHHS 86.1 versus 82.6, P = 0.46; UCLA 7.5 versus 7.2, P = 0.37). Clinical success [mHHS minimal clinically important difference (8) OR PASS (>70) at latest follow-up without end-revision] was achieved in 81.2% of PAO hips and 83.7% of THA hips (P = 0.72).

Periacetabular osteotomy vs. total hip arthroplasty in young active patients with dysplastic hip: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

In young active patients with hip dysplasia, choosing between periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) is challenging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library for studies published until October 10, 2019, comparing PAO and THA in patients with dysplastic hip. We compared postoperative complications' incidences, end-stage revisions, and clinical scores.

RESULTS

Five studies with 431 hips (PAO: 235; THA: 196) were included. The incidence of overall and major complications was not different between groups (PAO: OR 2.14; 95% CI, 0.58-7.96; p=0.26; follow-up, 4-7.8 years; THA: OR 2.56; 95% CI, 0.60-10.98; p=0.21; follow-up, 4-7.8 years). There was also no difference in end-stage revision (OR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.33-2.79; p=0.93; follow-up, 4-7.8 years). The standard mean of Western Ontario McMasters Universities (WOMAC) pain score was higher in the THA than in the PAO group (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.57; 95% CI, -0.93--0.21; p=0.002; follow-up, 4-5.5 years); however, the WOMAC functional score did not differ significantly between groups (SMD -0.16; 95% CI, -1.29-0.97; p=0.78; follow-up, 4-5.5 years). The standard mean UCLA activity index was higher in the PAO than in the THA group (SMD 0.28; 95% CI, 0.02-0.53; p=0.03; follow-up, 5.9-7.3 years).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of postoperative complications and revision surgery was not different between THA and PAO groups. However, postoperative pain was less in the THA group and the activity score was higher in the PAO group in the follow-up periods.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III; meta-analysis.

Complications and outcome after periacetabular osteotomy - influence of surgical approach

BACKGROUND

Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) was introduced by Ganz as a novel surgical technique for hip dysplasia with a congruent hip to reorient the acetabulum in skeletally mature patients. The PAO through a modified Smith-Petersen (Iliofemoral) approach, has been subject to many modifications in order to avoid complications and to minimise risks for failure.

AIM

The aim of this review was to report on the complication rates, functional and radiological outcomes in relation to surgical approaches.

METHODS

A search of NICE healthcare database advanced search, was conducted from the year of inception to May 2018. We included studies that reported complications of PAO. Data extracted from case series was analysed to detect the incidence of complications, relation to surgical approach and temporal trend of complications.

RESULTS

40 studies including 4070 hips with a mean age of 29 years and a mean follow-up of 52.8 month, were analysed. Outcome measures demonstrated good to excellent outcome in 82%. Higher rates of LFCN and sciatic nerve injuries were found to be associated with the ilioinguinal and the 2-incision approach. Minimally invasive (MIS) modified Smith-Petersen (MSP), minimally invasive trans-sartorial and trans-trochanteric approaches were not reported to be associated with any major wound complications. Radiological correction achieved with a mean improvement in acetabular inclination of 17.90 (range 4.5-40), anterior centre-edge correction 25.40 (range 10-51), lateral centre-edge correction 23.30 (range 15-44.6) and medial translation of 6 mm (range 3.2-10).

CONCLUSIONS

The complication rates seem to be lower in this current review (7%) as compared to the previous review performed by Clohisy et al. (6-37%). The MIS trans-sartorial/MIS MSP and intertrochanteric approaches are associated with an even reduced complications rates. This review enables favouring the minimally invasive approaches with regard to reducing nerve injury and wound complications.

Sports Participation in Patients After Total Hip Arthroplasty vs Periacetabular Osteotomy: A Propensity Score-Matched Asian Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

No studies have compared sports participation between total hip arthroplasty (THA) and periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) in matched Asian cohorts. We investigated sports participation and activity levels in Asian THA cohort, and compared them between THA and PAO cohorts.

METHODS

Multivariate analyses were applied to determine which factors were associated with postoperative sports participation and University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score in (1) 524 THA patients and (2) 487 acetabular dysplasia patients (295 THA patients and 192 PAO patients). In addition, postoperative sports participation and UCLA score were compared between 62 THA and 62 PAO patients after adjusting for baseline characteristics with propensity score matching.

RESULTS

Sports participation and UCLA score significantly increased after THA (P < .001 in both analyses). Preoperative sports participation was the factor most associated with both postoperative sports participation and UCLA score in both 524 THA patients and 487 acetabular dysplasia patients (P < .001 in all analyses). Multivariate analysis in 487 acetabular dysplasia patients demonstrated that THA, compared with PAO, was negatively associated with postoperative sports participation (P < .001), but not postoperative UCLA score (P = .22). THA patients showed significantly lower rate of postoperative sports participation (32.3% and 51.6%, respectively, P = .046), but not postoperative UCLA score (5.0 ± 1.6 and 5.2 ± 1.9, respectively, P = .47) compared with matched PAO patients.

CONCLUSION

THA significantly increased both sports participation and activity levels. Both multivariate and propensity score-matched analyses showed that postoperative activity levels were comparable between THA and PAO cohorts.

Ten-year survival rate after rotational acetabular osteotomy in adulthood hip dysplasia

Background

Rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) is an effective joint-preserving surgical treatment for adulthood hip dysplasia (AHD). Despite sufficient correction of acetabular dysplasia, some patients still experience osteoarthritis (OA) progression and require total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purposes of the current study were to investigate the survival rate and the risk factors for OA progression or THA requirement after RAO and to explore whether acetabular overcorrection relates to OA progression.

Methods

Fifty-six patients (65 hips, mean age: 36.5 ± 11.7 years) with AHD who underwent RAO and were followed up for >10 years (mean: 15.0 ± 3.2 years) were enrolled in this study. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to assess the non-OA progression rate and THA-free survival rate of RAO during the 10-year follow-up. To analyze the risk factors for OA progression and THA requirement, the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed.

Results

No OA progression was found in 76.7% of the patients, and THA was not required in 92.3% during the 10-year follow-up. By multivariate regression analysis, older age at the time of surgery was a risk factor for both OA progression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.047, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.005–1.091) and THA requirement (HR = 1.293, 95% CI = 1.041–1.606).

Conclusion

RAO is an effective surgical procedure for symptomatic patients with AHD that prevents OA progression and protects the hips from undergoing THA. However, older patients have a higher risk for both OA progression and THA requirement.

Rotational Acetabular Osteotomy

Hip dysplasia is the most common cause of secondary osteoarthritis (OA). To prevent the early onset of secondary OA, Nishio's transposition osteotomy, Steel's triple osteotomy, Eppright's dial osteotomy, Wagner's spherical acetabular osteotomy, Tagawa's rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO), and Ganz' periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) have been proposed. PAO and RAO are now commonly used in surgical treatment of symptomatic acetabular dysplasia in Europe, North America, and Asia. The aim of this paper is to present the followings: the patient selection criteria for RAO; the surgical technique of RAO; the long-term outcome of RAO; and the future perspectives.

Acetabular Dysplasia in Middle-Aged Patients: Periacetabular Osteotomy or Total Hip Arthroplasty?

BACKGROUND

Treatment of middle-aged patients with acetabular dysplasia is challenging because of mild osteoarthritis, long life span, high activity level, and sports participation. Both periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) provide pain relief, improve function, and can last over 2 decades. We compare the 2 procedures for functional outcome (including sports participation), pain relief, and morbidity.

METHODS

We compared patients in the 30-50 years age group with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia who underwent PAO (n = 14) or THA (n = 14) with minimum 4-year follow-up. We compared postoperative activity (modified Harris Hip Score, high activity arthroplasty score, and modified Merle d'Aubigné-Postel Score) and sports participation (Tegner and University of California Los Angeles activity scores) in the 2 groups. Morbidity was compared by durations of postoperative pain >4/10, narcotic use, use of gait aids, and time to return to normal activities.

RESULTS

Sports participation and function scores improved after surgery in both groups without significant intergroup difference at minimum 4-year follow-up. Patients with PAO had longer duration of postoperative pain (P = .01) and used gait aids longer (P = .04) than patients with THA. There were 3 minor reoperations in the PAO group and none in the THA group.

CONCLUSIONS

PAO and THA both produce comparable improvement in sports participation and function. PAO was associated with longer durations of pain and use of gait aids. These findings may be important in the decision-making process in middle-aged patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia.

Comparison of contemporary periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia with total hip arthroplasty for hip osteoarthritis

We report patient-reported outcomes and complications associated with contemporary periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) surgery in treating symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and compare these outcomes with total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with similar demographic details. Two consecutive cohorts included patients between aged 18 to 40 years who had undergone either PAO (100 hips; 24 male, 76 female) or THA (55 hips; 18 male, 37 female). At a mean follow-up of 5.9 years (2 to 13), there was significant improvement in the modified Harris hip pain (p < 0.001, PAO and p < 0.001, THA), function (p < 0.001, PAO and p = 0.001, THA), and total scores (p < 0.001, PAO and p < 0.001, THA) within each cohort. There were no significant differences in the clinical outcome scores between the groups. Complication rates were low and similar in each cohort (p = 0.68). Similar to THA, contemporary PAO surgery is a clinically effective procedure that improves function and activity levels, provides pain relief and is associated with an acceptable complication rate.

Concomitant Hip Arthroscopy and Periacetabular Osteotomy

PURPOSE

To detail our early experience using concomitant hip arthroscopy and periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia.

METHODS

We prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed the surgical and outcome data of 17 patients who underwent concomitant hip arthroscopy and PAO between October 2010 and July 2013. Preoperative and postoperative range of motion, outcome and pain scores, and radiographic data were collected. Intraoperative arthroscopic findings and postoperative complications were recorded.

RESULTS

The group consisted of 3 male and 14 female patients with a mean follow-up period of 2.4 years. Three patients had undergone previous surgery on the affected hip. Chondrolabral pathology was identified in all 17 patients. Twelve patients underwent labral repair, and five patients underwent partial labral debridement. No patient was converted to total hip arthroplasty or required revision surgery at short-term follow-up. All 4 patient-reported outcome scores showed statistically significant changes from baseline to latest follow-up (P < .001). An excellent outcome was obtained in 82% of patients (13 of 16). The lateral center-edge angle averaged 11° preoperatively and 29° postoperatively. The acetabular inclination averaged 18° preoperatively and 3° postoperatively. The anterior center-edge angle averaged 7° preoperatively and 27° postoperatively. At most recent radiographic follow-up, 1 patient had progression of arthritic changes but remained asymptomatic. No other patient showed any radiographic evidence of progression of arthritis. Complications included 3 superficial wound infections, 1 pulmonary embolism, and 1 temporary sciatic neurapraxia.

CONCLUSIONS

Our initial experience with concomitant hip arthroscopy and PAO has been favorable. We noted that all our patients have evidence of chondrolabral damage at the time of PAO when the joint is distracted and evaluated. All patients in this series had intra-articular pathology treated arthroscopically and showed satisfactory mean clinical improvement. Hip arthroscopy with PAO did not appear to introduce complications beyond the PAO alone.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Clinical and radiological outcome after periacetabular osteotomy: a cross-sectional study of 127 hips operated on from 1999-2008

PURPOSE

Few papers have described results after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and risk factors for conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). The aim of the present paper was to analyse clinical and radiographic outcome, survival of the hip joint and risk factors of early conversion to THA in patients with PAO.

BASIC PROCEDURES

In the period 1999-2008, 93 patients (127 hips, median patient age 31, range 13-49 years) were operated on with PAO. Median follow-up was 7 (SD 2.1) years. Analyses of clinical and radiographic examinations, including WOMAC, were performed. Osteoarthritis was measured using Tönnis grade. Survival was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and predictors of conversion to THA were calculated using Cox regression analysis with THA as defined endpoint.

MAIN FINDINGS

Centre-edge angle improved significantly with a mean of 8.7 (95% CI: 7.1; 10.3) preoperatively to a mean of 24.6 (95% CI: 22.6; 26.6) at follow-up. Likewise the acetabular roof obliquity angle improved significantly with a mean of 21.2 (95% CI: 19.7; 22.6) preoperatively to 8.7 (95% CI: 7.1; 10.4) at follow-up. Eleven out of 127 hips had conversion to THA. The 11.7 years cumulated hip joint survival rate was 85% (95% CI: 0.753; 0.945). Significant predictors of converting to THA were preoperative high grade of OA and postoperative high degree of acetabular roof obliquity angle. An improvement was found in Harris Hip Score pain score after receiving a PAO (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results, with almost 12 years survival data, are comparable with the literature. PAO is considered as an effective treatment for young adults with painful hip dysplasia, especially when preoperative criteria for conversion to THA are highlighted.

Patient selection criteria for periacetabular osteotomy or rotational acetabular osteotomy

BACKGROUND

Hip dysplasia is the most common cause of secondary osteoarthritis (OA). Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) or rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) has been used as a joint-preserving procedure. However, the patient selection criteria are not clearly defined.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

Based on a systematic review, we identified reported patient selection criteria for PAO or RAO.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review of RAO and 18 studies met our inclusion criteria. For the PAO, the systemic review performed by Clohisy et al. was used. WHERE ARE WE NOW?: For patients with symptomatic hip dysplasia, lateral center-edge angle less than 10° to 30°, radiographic pre- or early OA, mean age at the time of surgery of 18 to 45 years, and improvement in joint congruency on AP radiograph with hip abduction, radiographic deformity correction consistently improved hip function in all studies. Radiographic OA progression was noted in 5% to 33% at 3.2 to 20 years postoperatively. Clinical score and prevention of radiographic OA progression of patients 50 years or older or with advanced stage were worse in younger patients or those with early stage. WHERE DO WE NEED TO GO?: The key challenges are (1) preoperative evaluation of articular cartilage; (2) indication for older patients; (3) prevention of secondary femoroacetabular impingement; and (4) intraarticular treatment combined with PAO or RAO. HOW DO WE GET THERE?: Future prospective, longitudinal cohort studies need to determine optimal patient selection criteria, risk factors for clinical failure, optimal deformity correction parameters, and the role of adjunctive surgical procedures.

Periacetabular osteotomy for hip preservation

The Bernese PAO has now been performed for nearly 30 years. In that time, it has proved itself a technically complex procedure with the potential to considerably improve the natural history of the dysplastic hip. Significant refinements in the surgical technique combined with the recognition of FAI, improvements in the understanding of hip biomechanics and acetabular orientation, and more discerning patient selection have improved the outcomes related to this procedure. Although the recovery can be demanding and the potential for complications exists, the results are reproducible and the technique has become the gold standard for acetabular reorientation.

Static and dynamic mechanical causes of hip pain

Mechanical hip pain typically has been associated either with dynamic factors resulting in abnormal stress and contact between the femoral head and acetabular rim when the hip is in motion or with static overload stresses related to insufficient congruency between the head and acetabular socket in the axially loaded (standing) position. Compensatory motion may adversely affect the dynamic muscle forces in the pelvic region, leading to further strain and pain. Hip pain related to static overload stresses may also be localized to the anteromedial groin, but compensatory dysfunction of the periarticular musculature may lead to muscular fatigue and associated pain throughout the hip. As our understanding of hip joint mechanics has advanced, it has become increasingly apparent that hip pain in the absence of osteoarthritis may be due to a complex combination of mechanical stresses, both dynamic and static. With an emphasis on findings in the recent literature, this review will describe the dynamic and static factors associated with mechanical hip pain, the combinations of dynamic and static stresses that are commonly identified in hip pain, and common patterns of compensatory injury in patients with femoroacetabular impingement.