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Ajaero C, Peru KM, Simair M, Friesen V, O'Sullivan G, Hughes SA, McMartin DW, Headley JV. Fate and behavior of oil sands naphthenic acids in a pilot-scale treatment wetland as characterized by negative-ion electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:829-839. [PMID: 29727993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are generated during the extraction of bitumen from oil sands in the Athabasca region of northeastern Alberta, Canada. As part of the development of treatment technologies, molecular characterization of naphthenic acids (NAs) and naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFC) in wetlands is a topic of research to better understand their fate and behavior in aquatic environments. Reported here is the application of high-resolution negative-ion electrospray Orbitrap-mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of NAs and NAFCs in a non-aerated constructed treatment wetland. The effectiveness of the wetlands to remove OSPW-NAs and NAFCs was evaluated by monitoring the changes in distributions of NAFC compounds in the untreated sample and non-aerated treatment system. After correction for measured evapotranspiration, the removal rate of the classical NAs followed approximately first-order kinetics, with higher rates observed for structures with relatively higher number of carbon atoms. These findings indicate that constructed wetland treatment is a viable method for removal of classical NAs in OSPW. Work is underway to evaluate the effects of wetland design on water quality improvement, preferential removal of different NAFC species, and reduction in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, 3737 Wascana Parkway, S4S 0A2, Canada; Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Monique Simair
- Contango Strategies Limited, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vanessa Friesen
- Contango Strategies Limited, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hughes
- Shell Health - Americas, One Shell Plaza, 910 Louisiana, Houston, TX 77002, USA
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, 3737 Wascana Parkway, S4S 0A2, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, 57 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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McQueen AD, Kinley CM, Hendrikse M, Gaspari DP, Calomeni AJ, Iwinski KJ, Castle JW, Haakensen MC, Peru KM, Headley JV, Rodgers JH. A risk-based approach for identifying constituents of concern in oil sands process-affected water from the Athabasca Oil Sands region. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:340-350. [PMID: 28126568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mining leases in the Athabasca Oil Sands (AOS) region produce large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) containing constituents that limit beneficial uses and discharge into receiving systems. The aim of this research is to identify constituents of concern (COCs) in OSPW sourced from an active settling basin with the goal of providing a sound rational for developing mitigation strategies for using constructed treatment wetlands for COCs contained in OSPW. COCs were identified through several lines of evidence: 1) chemical and physical characterization of OSPW and comparisons with numeric water quality guidelines and toxicity endpoints, 2) measuring toxicity of OSPW using a taxonomic range of sentinel organisms (i.e. fish, aquatic invertebrates, and a macrophyte), 3) conducting process-based manipulations (PBMs) of OSPW to alter toxicity and inform treatment processes, and 4) discerning potential treatment pathways to mitigate ecological risks of OSPW based on identification of COCs, toxicological analyses, and PBM results. COCs identified in OSPW included organics (naphthenic acids [NAs], oil and grease [O/G]), metals/metalloids, and suspended solids. In terms of species sensitivities to undiluted OSPW, fish ≥ aquatic invertebrates > macrophytes. Bench-scale manipulations of the organic fractions of OSPW via PBMs (i.e. H2O2+UV254 and granular activated charcoal treatments) eliminated toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia (7-8 d), in terms of mortality and reproduction. Results from this study provide critical information to inform mitigation strategies using passive or semi-passive treatment processes (e.g., constructed treatment wetlands) to mitigate ecological risks of OSPW to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D McQueen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Ciera M Kinley
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Maas Hendrikse
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Daniel P Gaspari
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 445 Brackett Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Alyssa J Calomeni
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Kyla J Iwinski
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - James W Castle
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, 445 Brackett Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Monique C Haakensen
- Contango Strategies Limited, LFK Biotechnology Complex, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John H Rodgers
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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McQueen AD, Kinley CM, Rodgers JH, Friesen V, Bergsveinson J, Haakensen MC. Influence of commercial (Fluka) naphthenic acids on acid volatile sulfide (AVS) production and divalent metal precipitation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 134P1:86-94. [PMID: 27591804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Energy-derived waters containing naphthenic acids (NAs) are complex mixtures often comprising a suite of potentially problematic constituents (e.g. organics, metals, and metalloids) that need treatment prior to beneficial use, including release to receiving aquatic systems. It has previously been suggested that NAs can have biostatic or biocidal properties that could inhibit microbially driven processes (e.g. dissimilatory sulfate reduction) used to transfer or transform metals in passive treatment systems (i.e. constructed wetlands). The overall objective of this study was to measure the effects of a commercially available (Fluka) NA on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), production of sulfides (as acid-volatile sulfides [AVS]), and precipitation of divalent metals (i.e. Cu, Ni, Zn). These endpoints were assessed following 21-d aqueous exposures of NAs using bench-scale reactors. After 21-days, AVS molar concentrations were not statistically different (p<0.0001; α=0.05) among NA treatments (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80mg NA/L) and an untreated control (no NAs). Extent of AVS production was sufficient in all NA treatments to achieve ∑SEM:AVS <1, indicating that conditions were conducive for treatment of metals, with sulfide ligands in excess of SEM (Cu, Ni, and Zn). In addition, no adverse effects to SRB (in terms of density, relative abundance, and diversity) were measured following exposures of a commercial NA. In this bench-scale study, dissimilatory sulfate reduction and subsequent metal precipitation were not vulnerable to NAs, indicating passive treatment systems utilizing sulfide production (AVS) could be used to treat metals occurring in NAs affected waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D McQueen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Ciera M Kinley
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - John H Rodgers
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Vanessa Friesen
- Contango Strategies Limited, LFK Biotechnology Complex, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 4N1
| | - Jordyn Bergsveinson
- Contango Strategies Limited, LFK Biotechnology Complex, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 4N1
| | - Monique C Haakensen
- Contango Strategies Limited, LFK Biotechnology Complex, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 4N1
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Pardue MJ, Castle JW, Rodgers JH, Huddleston GM. Effects of simulated oilfield produced water on early seedling growth after treatment in a pilot-scale constructed wetland system. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2015; 17:330-340. [PMID: 25409245 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2014.910168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination and early seedling growth bioassays were used to evaluate phytotoxicity of simulated oilfield produced water (OPW) before and after treatment in a subsurface-flow, pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system (CWTS). Responses to untreated and treated OPW were compared among seven plant species, including three monocotyledons: corn (Zea mays), millet (Panicum miliaceum), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); and four dicotyledons: lettuce (Lactuca sativa), okra (Abelmoschus esculents), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and soybean (Glycine max). Phytotoxicity was greater in untreated OPW than in treated OPW. Exposures to untreated and treated OPW enhanced growth in some plant species (sorghum, millet, okra, and corn) relative to a negative control and reduced growth in other plant species (lettuce, soybean, and watermelon). Early seedling growth parameters indicated that dicotyledons were more sensitive to test waters compared to monocotyledons, suggesting that morphological differences between plant species affected phytotoxicity. Results indicated the following sensitivity scale for plant species: lettuce>soybean>watermelon>corn>okra≈millet>sorghum. Phytotoxicity of the treated OPW to lettuce and soybean, although concentrations of COCs were less than irrigation guideline concentrations, suggests that chemical characterization and comparison to guideline concentrations alone may not be sufficient to evaluate water for use in growing crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pardue
- a Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina , USA
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Pardue MJ, Castle JW, Rodgers JH, Huddleston GM. Treatment of oil and grease in produced water by a pilot-scale constructed wetland system using biogeochemical processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 103:67-73. [PMID: 24321330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTSs) can effectively remove many constituents that limit beneficial use of oilfield produced water. The objectives of this investigation were: (1) to assess the effect of mass loadings of oil and grease (O & G) on treatment performance in pilot-scale subsurface flow and free water surface CWTS series having sequential reducing and oxidizing cells, and (2) to evaluate effects on treatment performance of adding a pilot-scale oil-water separator. Increase in O & G mass loading from 5 to 20 mg min(-1) caused decreases in both dissolved oxygen concentration and sediment redox potential, which affected treatment performance. Biogeochemical pathways for removal of O & G, iron, and manganese operate under oxidizing conditions, and removal rate coefficients for these constituents decreased (0.905-0.514 d(-1) for O & G, 0.773-0.452 d(-1) for iron, and 0.970-0.518 d(-1) for manganese) because greater mass loading of O & G promoted reducing conditions. With increased mass loading, removal rate coefficients for nickel and zinc increased from 0.074 to 0.565 d(-1) and from 0.196 to 1.08 d(-1), respectively. Although the sequential reducing and oxidizing cells in the CWTS were very effective in treating the targeted constituents, an oil-water separator was added prior to wetland cells to enhance O & G removal at high inflow concentration (100 mg L(-1)). The oil-water separator removed approximately 50% of the O & G, and removal extents and efficiencies approximated those observed at 50 mg L(-1) inflow concentration during treatment without an oil-water separator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pardue
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 340 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - James W Castle
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 340 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - John H Rodgers
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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