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Niemes S, Telle HH, Bornschein B, Fasselt L, Größle R, Priester F, Schlösser M, Sturm M, Welte S, Zeller G. Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186170. [PMID: 34577377 PMCID: PMC8473055 DOI: 10.3390/s21186170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly accurate, quantitative analyses of mixtures of hydrogen isotopologues—both the stable species, H2, D2, and HD, and the radioactive species, T2, HT, and DT—are of great importance in fields as diverse as deuterium–tritium fusion, neutrino mass measurements using tritium β-decay, or for photonuclear experiments in which hydrogen–deuterium targets are used. In this publication we describe a production, handling, and analysis facility capable of fabricating well-defined gas samples, which may contain any of the stable and radioactive hydrogen isotopologues, with sub-percent accuracy for the relative species concentrations. The production is based on precise manometric gas mixing of H2, D2, and T2. The heteronuclear isotopologues HD, HT, and DT are generated via controlled, in-line catalytic reaction or by β-induced self-equilibration, respectively. The analysis was carried out using an in-line intensity- and wavelength-calibrated Raman spectroscopy system. This allows for continuous monitoring of the composition of the circulating gas during the self-equilibration or catalytic evolution phases. During all procedures, effects, such as exchange reactions with wall materials, were considered with care. Together with measurement statistics, these and other systematic effects were included in the determination of composition uncertainties of the generated reference gas samples. Measurement and calibration accuracy at the level of 1% was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Niemes
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Helmut H. Telle
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lucian Fasselt
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Größle
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Florian Priester
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Magnus Schlösser
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Michael Sturm
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Stefan Welte
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Genrich Zeller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
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Dörr L, Besserer U, Bekris N, Bornschein B, Caldwell-Nichols C, Demange D, Cristescu I, Cristescu I, Glugla M, Hellriegel G, Schäfer P, Welte S, Wendel J. A Decade of Tritium Technology Development and Operation at the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst54-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Dörr
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - U. Besserer
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - N. Bekris
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - B. Bornschein
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - C. Caldwell-Nichols
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - D. Demange
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - I. Cristescu
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - I.R. Cristescu
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - M. Glugla
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - G. Hellriegel
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - P. Schäfer
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - S. Welte
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
| | - J. Wendel
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany (+49) 7247 82 4546, e-mail:
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Fischer S, Sturm M, Schlösser M, Bornschein B, Drexlin G, Priester F, Lewis RJ, Telle HH. Monitoring of Tritium Purity During Long-Term Circulation in the KATRIN Test Experiment LOOPINO Using Laser Raman Spectroscopy. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst11-a12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Fischer
- Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Sturm
- Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Schlösser
- Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. Bornschein
- Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Drexlin
- Institute for Experimental Nuclear Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. Priester
- Institute for Experimental Nuclear Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R. J. Lewis
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - H. H. Telle
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Dörr L, Besserer U, Glugla M, Hellriegel G, Hellriegel W, Schäfer P, Wendel J. The Closed Tritium Cycle of the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Dörr
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Tritiumlabor, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - U. Besserer
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Tritiumlabor, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Glugla
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Tritiumlabor, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Hellriegel
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Tritiumlabor, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W. Hellriegel
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Tritiumlabor, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Schäfer
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Tritiumlabor, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J. Wendel
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Tritiumlabor, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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