Mass Transfer Modeling with and Without Evaporation for Iodine Chemistry in the Case of a Severe Accident

Topological Defect-Driven Buckling of Phospholipid Bicelles to Cones for Micromotors with Modulated Heading Pathways

Topological defects are crucial to the shaping of the crystalline membrane systems such as lipid bilayers, virus capsids, and graphene as well as the arrangement of cells in tissues. In a typical case, the introduction of disclination defects elastically buckles the crystalline membranes into conical shapes. However, how planar membranes transform to cones triggered by disclinations is still rarely observed in the experiments. Herein, we experimentally observe the transformation from phospholipid bicelles to cones in response to disclinations. During the transformation process, the wall thickness increases, while the conical generatrix length remains the same with respect to the radius of bicelles. The cones with apex angles of 112.8°, 83.6°, 60°, 39°, and 19.2° are observed when 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 pentagon defects are introduced, respectively. Monodispersed microcones are obtained by adjusting aging temperature and time. These microcones are then used as templates to form platinum conical micromotors with open tips or closed tips, which display different heading directions in H₂O₂ solution. Our work provides a shape evolution pathway of planar membranes in response to disclinations. The homogeneous microcones can find wide applications in micromotors fabrication, the study of curvature-dependent processes, and the formation of advanced materials.